Legal framework of economic diplomacy in Russia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey A. Naryshkin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Economic Diplomacy

Economic diplomacy is the most important tool for the state and entrepreneurs in their foreign economic activity. It provides not only foreign contracts (including for the supply of large firms) and the inflow of foreign currency, but also investments attraction, which contributes to its development. Profit received from foreign economic activity goes to the state budget with taxes and then directed to social needs improving citizens welfare. Diplomatic relations between different countries are based on international conventions on diplomatic intercourse covering the diplomatic agent’s legal status. International trade agreements regulate international standards and procedures for goods carried from country to country, as well as dispute processes arising at the supranational level. International agreements forming conditions for Russian companies’ operations in the foreign markets and for the work of foreign investors in Russia. All foreign markets activities are regulated by legal acts. Such regulation is aimed to ensure goal-setting, simplicity and transparency of domestic entrepreneurs and foreign counterparties interaction and to reduce the risks of dependency on foreign markets and counterparties. This article reviews the Russian legal economic diplomacy basis, key strategic documents covering this area. Also, proposals to improve the legal framework for foreign representations promoting Russia's foreign economic interests abroad are done. Analyzing official statistics, the article examines the practical effect of the main strategic documents. All these measures are aimed to ensure comfortable working conditions for Russian manufacturers of various goods and services on foreign markets.

Strategic guidelines of ethno-national policy of Ukraine: Political and legal aspects

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
Valentyna V. Dudchenko ◽  
Yuliia V. Tsurkan-Saifulina ◽  
Kostiantyn M. Vitman ◽  
Iryna O. Kresina ◽  
Oleksiy V. Kresin
Keyword(s):  
Policy Development ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The State ◽  
International Standards ◽  
National Minority ◽  
State Budget ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
The Right

Problems and unresolved issues in the field of the Ukrainian political nation consolidation and national minorities rights protection are analysed. The normative legal acts regulating ethno-national relations in Ukraine are analysed. The necessity of reforming the ethno-national legislation, elimination of declarative, contradictory and conflicting norms is proved. Threats caused by separatist manifestations are shown. The main values, guidelines and directions of the Ukrainian state ethno-national policy development are determined. The creation of a legal framework for ethnocultural autonomy in Ukraine will contribute to the formation of an effective system of protection of the rights of citizens belonging to national minorities in Ukraine, which will meet international standards in the field of protection of national minorities. , and will allow to approximate the legislation of Ukraine in the field of protection of the rights of national minorities to the EU law. Each national minority will have the right to create its own ethnocultural (extraterritorial) autonomy in order to address the issues of preservation and development of ethnocultural identity without requirements and claims to the state and the state budget. This will eliminate the declarativeness of the relevant legislation, increase the level of self-organization of national minorities, redirect ethno-territorial requirements to ethnocultural, promote harmonization of ethno-national relations and interethnic harmony in Ukraine, consolidation of Ukrainian society into a political nation based on common citizenship

scholarly journals ON THE LEGAL BASIS OF PLANNING AND FORMING THE DEFENSE BUDGET OF UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
R.I. Samsin
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
National Security ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Defense Spending ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Defense Budget ◽  
State Budget

The article systematically investigates the legal bases of planning and formation of the defense budget of Ukraine. It is stated that the legal bases of the defense budget of Ukraine are the Constitution of Ukraine, the Budget Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine «On National Security of Ukraine», the Strategic Defense Bulletin of Ukraine, the National Security Strategy, the Military Doctrine of Ukraine, the laws of Ukraine on the state budget for the respective year. It is stated that at the legislative level the sources of financing of defense expenditures are fixed: funds of the state budget of Ukraine, charitable donations, income from own economic activity of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The mechanism and conditions for providing charitable assistance to the Armed Forces of Ukraine are described. The expediency of revising the Concept of economic and economic activity of the Armed Forces of Ukraine approved on April 19, 1997, approved by the President. The current Concept does not meet current conditions. It needs revision, based on Ukraine’s NATO course, of military aggression, reformatting the structure of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. It has been determined that the amount of defense expenditures as a percentage of the gross domestic product meets international standards. However, the weakness of the national economy indicates a lack of defense spending in dollar terms and in terms of one soldier. The expediency of optimizing the structure of expenditures, reorientation of creation of new administrative and economic units for project management in the sphere of defense, creation of an effective mechanism of public control over the distribution of defense expenditures is argued. Keywords: defense budget, legal framework, gross domestic product, national security, defense, budget, charitable donation, economic activity.

scholarly journals Political clientelism in Serbian media - the case of the Tanjug news agency

Sociologija ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-95
Author(s):  
Smiljana Milinkov ◽  
Dinko Gruhonjic
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agency ◽  
State Budget ◽  
News Agency ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Work ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Research Show ◽  
Political Clientelism

The paper problematizes the presence of political clientelism in the media in the Republic of Serbia. The aim of this research is to point out the examples of establishing mechanisms of clientelistic practice in the media, using the News agency Tanjug as an example. Three analytical categories, which are relevant for perceiving the problem of clientelism, have been included: regulatory framework, financial allocations from the state budget and the reporting of the news agency Tanjug. The results of the research show that the illegal functioning, the unsolved ownership issue, non-transparent financing and unprofessional reporting are characteristics of the media work of Tanjug agency. According to the law, the former state agency was scheduled to stop work by the end of 2015. However, Tanjug still, with unclear legal status and significant financial help from the state, publishes information, some of which were proven to be disinformation. The analysis of examples of unobjective and unprofessional reporting points out to the ignoring of public interest, in order to satisfy the particular interest of the governing political structure, which financially makes Tanjug?s functioning possible, in an illegal manner. This case represents a closed circle of interrelationships on the relation politics-economy-media, through which clientelism is defined, using quid pro quo practice.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (36) ◽  
pp. 369-379
Author(s):  
A. Zhuk
Keyword(s):  
Public Procurement ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
State Budget ◽  
State Regulator ◽  
Effective Development

The paper studies the historical and legal background of the formation and development of government procurement in Ukraine. It analyzes the essence and significance of public procurement for the effective development of budgetary enterprises, institutions and organizations in different historical periods. It has been established that public procurement took various forms long before the independence of Ukraine. State orders are considered in the context of the broader problem of state regulation of the economy, namely one of the most serious and ambiguous economic problems is the rational interaction of the state and the market system in the process of public procurement. It is substantiated that a full-fledged national economy largely depends on how transparent and economically justified public expenditures on the maintenance of institutions financed from the state budget. Detected that one of the most promising ways to implement the concept of rational and efficient use of budget funds is the widespread introduction of a single structured system in the procurement of goods, works and services for public needs, based on competition, transparency, non-discrimination and decentralization. The paper reviews specifics of legislative regulation of public procurement in the relevant periods. The stage of transition of the system of centralized production planning, distribution of material and technical resources, the function of the state order as an absolute state regulator in the production of products and services to the means of meeting the needs of material resources, products, works and services of consumers supported by the state budget. It identifies the main differences in the approaches to understanding the essence of public procurement. The paper provides a detailed description of the influence of factors and circumstances on the development of the legal framework of public procurement. It determines and substantiates government procurement development periods. The paper analyzes the negative effects of omissions and non-finalization of the legal framework of each respective period. It studies the methods of and reasons for changing the terminology in the formation of the conceptual apparatus of the modern legal framework. Conclusions on changes, additions and adjustments to the legal framework of public procurement are provided. The paper assesses the main differences between the adopted public procurement laws.

scholarly journals EXPENDITURE ON ASIF IN THE YEARS 1991-2018 AS AN EXAMPLE OF THE REDISTRIBUTIVE FUNCTION OF POLAND’S AGRICULTURAL BUDGET

2019 ◽  
Vol XXI (2) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Andrzej Czyżewski ◽  
Anna Matuszczak
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Insurance Fund ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Social Insurance System ◽  
Budgetary Expenditure

The aim of the paper was to indicate the size of expenditure on the Agricultural Social Insurance Fund (ASIF) on the background of changes that occurred in the agricultural budget, state budget and GDP in almost the entire period of adjustment of the Polish economy to market conditions. This period covers the years 1991-2018 and concerns budgetary expenditure supplementing the deficit, in particular the Pension Fund of ASIF as an example of the implementation of the redistributive function of the state budget. The study covered the share of expenditure on the agricultural sector in the total expenditure of the state budget and in the developed Gross Domestic Product, as a reference to the economic situation in the economy. The analyses showed that the share of budgetary expenditure on rural areas, agriculture and agricultural markets, in the analysed period, increased significantly after Poland’s integration with the EU, which primarily constituted a pro-development impulse. Expenditure on ASIF benefits, in a way, reflect the satisfaction of social needs related to rural areas and agriculture. The share of social expenditure (on ASIF) in total state budget expenditure decreased at the same time. However, it is noticeable that the nominal volume of these expenditures slightly increased in relation to the stabilised level (ca. PLN 17.5 billion) from past years. The authors believe that this amount should not be lower, because the social insurance system of farmers has been effectively “sealed” and additionally there is an increase in pension ben

LEGAL FUNDAMENTALS OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Nitchenko ◽  
◽  
Nataliia Morska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Practical Experience ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Innovative Activity ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Regulatory Documents

The scientific article presents the basic principles of innovation from the standpoint of law. The problems of legislative and normative-legal provision of the basic principles of innovation activity on the territory of Ukraine are considered. It was found that the basic principles of innovation in Ukraine are regulated by a number of legislative and regulatory documents. The legal content of the category "innovation" is revealed, based on the provisions of the legal framework. The legal peculiarities of innovation activity on the territory of Ukraine are determined. Objects and subjects of innovation activity are analyzed. The directions of implementation of innovative activity on the territory of Ukraine are considered. The role of the state in guaranteeing the subjects of innovation activity favorable conditions for innovation activity in accordance with the provisions of legislative and regulatory documents is revealed. The key functions of the state, which are to control and regulate the basic principles of innovation in Ukraine, are considered. The key areas of innovation in Ukraine are outlined, based on the provisions of the legal framework. The mode of implementation of innovative activity by technology parks, which is based on special legal bases, is characterized. The practical experience of carrying out innovative activity on the territory of Ukraine is analyzed. Prospects for further research in the direction of studying the legislation governing the basic principles of innovation from the standpoint of law, which are a more thorough study of legislation with the allocation of promising areas to improve the legal regulation of innovation in Ukraine in accordance with international standards and norms.

Social Change in the Countryside of Eleventh-Century Byzantium

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-75
Author(s):  
Kostis Smyrlis
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Private Landowners ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Fertile Land

Offering a review of Byzantine rural society during the transitional eleventh century this chapter underlines the role the state played in the evolution of social and economic relations. It is argued that the appropriation by the state of a large part of the fertile land, dictated by financial considerations, greatly restricted the space for expansion of the provincial elite while benefitting certain individuals serving the regime. This nuances the notion that the eleventh and twelfth centuries saw the consolidation of the power of the landowning aristocracy. By the end of the eleventh century, a large portion of the peasantry had become dependent on private landowners. Nevertheless, despite the social and economic restrictions their subjection implied, dependent peasants retained a relatively elevated legal status, thanks to a fiscal apparatus and a legal framework that limited the freedom of great landlords.

TRANSFORMATION OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF DECENTRALIZATION OF POWER

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Lozynska ◽  
◽  
Liudmyla Chip ◽  
Yevhenii Hnatok ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
State Budget ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Direct Inter

The article highlights the issues of local self-government development in the conditions of public administration transformation. Attention is drawn to the importance of organizing effective self-government, as it is the local councils of the basic level that are most closely connected with the life of the local population. It is noted that the reform of local self-government was aimed at improving the accessibility and quality of public services for the population. The main reasons that prompted the reform of local self-government are named, namely: imperfection of the administrative-territorial system, limited autonomy of local self-government bodies and weak capacity of territorial communities. The main stages of the reform of the local self-government system and changes in the legal basis for the functioning of local councils are considered. The consequences of changing the legislation for the implementation of their powers by village, settlement and city councils, in particular the establishment of direct inter-budgetary relations between local budgets and the state budget, as well as shortcomings in the legal support of local councils. It is noted that despite the significant delay in amending the Constitution of Ukraine, the norms of which on administrative-territorial organization and local self-government ceased to correspond to the real state of affairs, the legal basis of self-government continued to develop. It is a question of introduction of the state support of local government and creation of institute of elders. It is noted that the regulatory and legal support of decentralization was mostly related to budgetary relations and was aimed at strengthening the economic capacity of territorial communities. It is established that as a result of the administrative-territorial reform the number of councils at the primary and subregional levels has significantly decreased, which has exacerbated the issue of separation of powers between councils at different levels and between councils and local administrations. Proposals were made to identify areas for further improvement of the legal framework of local self-government and delimitation of powers of local councils on the principles of subsidiarity.

Central Planning and Unintended Consequences: Creating the Soviet Financial System, 1930–1939

2000 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1017-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Gregory ◽  
Aleksei Tikhonov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
The State ◽  
Central Planning ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Soft Budget Constraints ◽  
Moral Hazards ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Credit Risks

We use the Soviet state and party archives to study the creation of the Soviet financial system. Although its framers intended to centralize all emission and monitoring of money and credit, in practice the system was characterized by informal mechanisms involving multiple players, soft budget constraints, and massive moral hazards. Enterprises issued “illegal” commercial credits and surrogate monies, causing liquidity growth to far outpace real economic activity. When confronted with the choice of solvency versus plan fulfillment, firms always chose the latter: credit risks were passed on to solvent enterprises, the state bank, and the state budget.

scholarly journals Administration of Customs Payments: International Standards for the Interaction of Tax and Customs Authorities

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-121
Author(s):  
M. A. Ryl’skaya ◽  
S. O. Shokhin ◽  
O. G. Bobrova ◽  
A. Y. Kozhankov ◽  
N. V. Eremeeva
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
The State ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Excise Taxes ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Financial Action Task

The authors have formulated and consistently proved the hypothesis that well-functioning interaction of tax and customs authorities is required to increase the effciency of the state revenues administration. The mechanism of this interaction should be formed when implementing the standards of the World Customs Organization and the World Trade Organization into the Russian legislation. The research is particularly relevant since Federal Law No. 289 of 03.08.2018 “On Customs Regulation” has entered into force. This law includes article 222 “Interaction and cooperation of customs and tax authorities”. As scientifc and practical results, promising areas for development have been worked out: improving unifed mechanism of customs, tax administration and currency control based on integrated innovative technologies; implementing international standards developed under the auspices of the World Customs Organization; creating prerequisites for the transition to the payment of import customs duties and taxes after the release of goods for law-abiding business; redistributing functions of customs and tax authorities. The authors propose to leave the control of import duties payments for the customs authorities, and to delegate the control of VAT and excise taxes on imported goods payments to the tax authorities. The article includes the results of a comparative legal analysis of the acts of the World Customs Organization, the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the Agreement on Cooperation of the Federal Customs Service and the Federal Tax Service of Russia. It justifes the conclusion that the studied cooperation is the most important tool for the customs payments administration. This is confrmed by the statistics on additional and pre-leased revenues to the state budget based on the results of joint and coordinated verifcation activities. The result of the study is the formulation of promising areas for improving the interaction of customs and tax authorities in the Eurasian Economic union (EAEu) and Russia.

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