Social Change in the Countryside of Eleventh-Century Byzantium

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-75
Author(s):  
Kostis Smyrlis
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Private Landowners ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Fertile Land

Offering a review of Byzantine rural society during the transitional eleventh century this chapter underlines the role the state played in the evolution of social and economic relations. It is argued that the appropriation by the state of a large part of the fertile land, dictated by financial considerations, greatly restricted the space for expansion of the provincial elite while benefitting certain individuals serving the regime. This nuances the notion that the eleventh and twelfth centuries saw the consolidation of the power of the landowning aristocracy. By the end of the eleventh century, a large portion of the peasantry had become dependent on private landowners. Nevertheless, despite the social and economic restrictions their subjection implied, dependent peasants retained a relatively elevated legal status, thanks to a fiscal apparatus and a legal framework that limited the freedom of great landlords.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF UNBALANCED STATE BUDGET OF UKRAINE: ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE FACTORS OF BUDGET REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (87) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Zahidna ◽  
◽  
Vasylyna Ignatyshyna ◽  
Uliana Skydan ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Successful Solution ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
The Impact

A significant place in the social and economic development of each country belongs to the problems of the budget, because the budget belongs to the sphere of public life that directly affects the interests of all members of society. The budget of any country reflects the important economic, social and political problems of the state and each person in particular. At the same time, the successful solution of budget problems is possible only if a proper understanding of its essence, role and place in the system of economic relations. For any country, the state budget is the main link in the financial system. As part of this system, it combines the main financial categories: income and expenditure of the country, the tax system, public credit, public debt in their closest coexistence. The budget as a financial plan of public expenditures and sources of their coverage plays an important role in the activities of the state. It determines its capabilities and development priorities, its role and forms of implementation of the functions assigned to it. It is an effective regulator of that economy reflects the amount of financial resources required by the state, determines specific areas of use of funds, directs the financial activities of the state. The article analyzes and defines the essence of revenues and expenditures of the state budget. The state and dynamics of state budget revenues and budget expenditures are studied. A comparison of state budget revenues and expenditures was made and it was investigated that expenditures significantly exceed revenues, and therefore the state budget is in deficit. The factors of formation of revenues and expenditures of the state budget at the present stage are determined. The dynamics of GDP growth rates and state revenues are analyzed budget, as well as the impact of GDP on the state budget. The peculiarities of the influence of the foreign trade factor on the revenues and expenditures of the state budget are determined. The influence and shares of exports and imports in the state budget revenues are studied. The current problems of imbalance of the state budget and the causes of the state budget deficit are identified. Ways to balance revenues and expenditures at the present stage are proposed. The dynamics of indicators of export and import of Ukraine is analyzed. The problems of Ukraine 's foreign trade at the present stage are investigated and perspective directions of improvement of the existing state of the export – import policy of the state are determined.

Re-imagining the Social Order

2018 ◽  
pp. 155-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Innes
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
The State ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Old Order ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
Late Eighteenth

The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries saw attempts around the Mediterranean world to replace an old order of privilege and delegated power with one in which all subjects were equal before the state. Across southern Europe, revolutionary France provided the model: under French and subsequently liberal regimes, privilege in state, church, and economy was cut back; there were analogous changes in the Ottoman world. Legal change did not always translate into substantive social change. Nonetheless, new conceptions of a largely autonomous ‘society’ developed, and new protocols were invented to relate state to ‘society’, often entailing use of tax status as a reference point for the allocation of rights and duties. The French Doctrinaires argued that the abolition of privilege made society ‘democratic’, posing the question, how was such a society best governed? By the middle of the nineteenth century, this conception was widely endorsed across southern Europe.

2. Marriage and Civil Partnership

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-96
Author(s):  
Polly Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
The State ◽  
Civil Partnership ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Law ◽  
Over Time

This chapter starts by considering how people get married, tracing the institution of marriage through history. It looks at the evolving popularity of marriage to the present day. The chapter then addresses the social and legal significance of marriage. It asks: Why does the state encourage people to marry? The chapter also looks at other ways in which relationships can be formalised under the law. Finally, the chapter turns to civil partnerships and looks at the changes in legal status to such partnerships over time. It also considers public perceptions of civil partnerships. Finally the chapter asks: Is there a future for marriage?

scholarly journals Legal aspect of social entrepreneurship

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 08071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uliana Filatova ◽  
Nina Semeryanova ◽  
Svetlana Suslova ◽  
Alena Gabudina ◽  
Anna Kopytova
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The article discusses the main issues of definition of social entrepreneurship, both from economic and legal point of view. Since Russian legislature is only at the beginning of the way to create legal framework for activities, legislation on social entrepreneurship seems fragmentary and inconsistent. All of that adversely affects development of social entrepreneurship. Official city statistics (Nizhnevartovsk) show that less than a third of all entrepreneurs are interested in this type of activity; entrepreneurs who already have business in the field of social entrepreneurship mostly do not plan to expand current activities in this area. Analysis can contribute to creation of developed socio-economic relations in Russia. It can be achieved by building effective relations between social entrepreneurs and beneficiaries on the one hand, and also between social entrepreneurs and the state on the other.

LEARNING TO READ (AGAIN): THE SOCIAL EXPERIENCES OF TURKEY'S 1928 ALPHABET REFORM

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hale Yılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Personal Narratives ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
The State ◽  
Learning To Read ◽  
Republican Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
Early Republican ◽  
Repressive Regime

AbstractThis article reconsiders Turkey's 1928 alphabet reform by shifting the focus from the state to the social experiences of alphabet change. Rather than assuming an obedient and indifferent public silently following the decrees of an authoritarian and repressive regime, it explores the actual processes, institutions, and lived experiences of the alphabet reform by drawing on a variety of sources, including unpublished archival evidence and personal narratives collected through oral interviews. It draws attention to the multiplicity of experiences of learning to read and write (the new letters) as well as to the persistence of the Ottoman script; it also examines the variety of ways that state authorities dealt with this persistence. The analysis of this particular reformist measure has implications for understanding social change and the emergence of a nationalist culture in the early republican period as well as state–society relations and the nature of the Kemalist state.

scholarly journals SYSTEM OF STATE SOCIAL INSURANCE: EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE AND GERMANY

2018 ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svitlana KOVAL
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Medical Insurance ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Production ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
State Health Insurance ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

Introduction. Social protection of the population is one of the state functions The implementation of a socially oriented state policy involves solving the problems of social protection and is aimed at creating the proper conditions for a decent standard of living and free development of the individual. The emergence and functioning of social insurance is conditioned by the presence of various social risks and the need to retain citizens who can not take an active part in the process of social production. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the practical principles of the functioning of the system of state social insurance of Ukraine and Germany and to develop, on this basis, practical recommendations aimed at improving the social insurance of Ukraine in the context of the borrowing of progressive experience in Germany. Results. Approaches to the treatment of social insurance are considered: as a system of economic relations, as an element of the social policy of the state, as a component of social protection of the population. A comparative analysis of forms of social insurance and sources of financing payments in Ukraine and Germany has been carried out. The practical aspects of functioning of compulsory medical insurance in Germany are investigated, its positive features are revealed. Conclusion. It is revealed that the forms and sources of state social insurance of Ukraine and Germany are similar. The exception is the state health insurance, which in Ukraine is in the stage of implementation. The necessity to restore the payment of a single social contribution by hired workers in the conditions of a shortage of financial resources in the sphere of social insurance of Ukraine is substantiated. It is proposed to apply in the domestic practice the mechanism of functioning of the state medical insurance of Germany, which excludes the possibility of abuses by medical workers in the context of the appointment of unnecessary medical examinations and procedures.

scholarly journals Research on the legal status of the national digital currency Karbo: the state and the prospects

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Larysa OSTROVERKH ◽  
Yurii SHANDRENKO
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Market Price ◽  
The State ◽  
Electronic Money ◽  
Virtual Currency ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
National Bank ◽  
The Relationship

The article explores the phenomenon of the development of virtual currencies and their growing popularity, resulting in a natural imbalance when innovations in the field of economy outstripped the development of legislation governing the relationship between entities in the field of calculations and payments. This led to the lack of a common understanding of the legal status of cryptocurrency and the methods of its regulation at the current stage of economic relations and global technologies, which caused the world community the problem of determining the legal status of cryptocurrency, which arose from the evolution of money and the emergence of new structured financial products. For Ukraine, as for most countries in the world, the global digital economy remains an area with undiscovered potential, since the National Bank of Ukraine does not recognize cryptocurrencies with either electronic money, money surrogates or other legal means of payment and does not recommend using them as such, but, in addition, it does not prohibit their use. Evidence of NBU's desire to keep up with current global trends was the emergence in May 2016 of the first Ukrainian «Karbowanec» cryptocurrency (after the Karbo rebranding in September 2017), which prompted many financial agents to ask whether – «Can you trust Karbo?» and «What is Karbo better than other cryptocurrencies?». Karbo is positioned as an alternative to low volatility settlement, designed for calculations and real use with new cryptocurrency ways of regulating money supply and market price. However, the question remains open – should the state recognize cryptocurrency as a digital (virtual) currency, or as a means of exchange or payment, or as other digital or intangible assets, or as property rights, etc., to introduce a method of accounting and regulate the system of taxation of transactions with it?

scholarly journals ATMOSPHERE IN WORKPLACE MIRROR OF SOCIETY

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37
Author(s):  
Kristína Králiková ◽  
◽  
Jozef Králik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Management Functions

The current atmosphere ruling in the society,the quality of created and contemporary relations among people are in principle simultaneously relatively faitfully projected into the relations inside the family, into the collective. Its approximate reflection is present, therefore, in the living working collective. Deformed social relations are deforming, what is clear, also the environment of economic relations. The atmosphere in the working place is immediately influencing the movement of social relations, from the atmosphere unreeled from the state of the society.However, the most dangerous for the society and its existence is the creation of such a situation and the social atmosphere that are directly determined and channeled by non legal and unrightful practices of concret individuals and groups which are typical for the so called social underworld.It is unavoidably necessary also to proceed to the revision of documents concerning the attained education in the interest of the optimal run of the state and its economics that are shoved by managers in all grades and levels of the state and its public administration management. Such a procedure in the private sector should be activated in the facultative base. It would be necessary to eliminate and to remove - on the basis of the exactly achieve results - from management processes and influence such persons that are not shoving the achieved declared education by the trustworthy way. It will be also necessary to analyze their justification and ways of their selection into the management functions together with the determination of the concrete personal responsibility for the contingent unstandard way in the selection process. After the moral and material social damages counting up it will be inevitably necessary to require the compensation from persons and institutions that caused the mentioned damagers.Means accumulated in such a way will be able to use for the development of public estates.

scholarly journals MODERN TRENDS IN GOVERNANCE OF STATE OWNERSHIP RELATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Iurii Umantsiv ◽  
Larysa Lebedeva ◽  
Anastasiia Mytrofanova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
The State ◽  
Property Management ◽  
Social Efficiency ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Low Efficiency

Today, the diversity of functions of the state is objectively expanding, especially in the context of socially oriented economies of developed countries. Effective governance of state property serves as a solid foundation for successful performance of the state functions. The chosen topic is of particular relevance in the context of Ukraine's transformational economy. The subject of research is the system of economic relations of state property. Methodology. In the course of the study, a general philosophical dialectical method was used to find contradictions in the phenomena and sources of their development, such as the essence of state property and its contents. Common scientific methods were also used: analysis and synthesis; comparative analysis; statistical methods for calculating the structure and dynamics of indicators of condition and development of state property. The overall system for assessing the socio-economic efficiency of state property management was carried out on the basis of microeconomic indicators and macroeconomic indicators (indicators of economic and social efficiency). The purpose of the paper is to reveal the trends of development of state ownership relations in the European countries as well as in Ukraine, in particular, the difficulties of the process of managing them, as well as to formulate possible ways to overcome such difficulties. Conclusions of the study. Today, the importance of the state as a public institute is objectively increasing in the most economically developed countries. By succeeding in achieving positive institutional changes in ownership relations (creating favorable conditions for SMEs, developing market infrastructure, conducting moderate privatization of state property, transferring state-owned enterprises to market tracks, maintaining policies for protecting national interests, etc.) the grounds for economic growth and improvement of the social sphere in France and Poland were made. Though the conducted analysis showed that the development of state property in Ukraine is contradictory, it has the following problems: ambiguous character of privatization; low efficiency of state property governance; insufficient efficiency of work of enterprises with state ownership; institutional problems. Overall, the socio-economic efficiency of state property governance in Ukraine needs improvement. Thus, the state policy of property governance should include, in particular, the following steps: development of a national model of governance, as well as strategies for the development of state property; organization of state property management entities; development of a system of criteria and indicators for assessing not only the economic but also the social efficiency of state property governance.

The Vestal Virgins

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan J. DiLuzio
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Vestal Virgins ◽  
The City

This chapter focuses on the Vestal Virgins. The six Vestal Virgins belonged to the pontifical college (collegium pontificum), the largest and one of Rome's most prestigious religious orders. Chosen for their role between the ages of six and ten, they were committed to serve the cult of Vesta for a minimum of thirty years. They were synonymous with the continued welfare of the city and inseparable from the Roman's view of themselves. In addition to guaranteeing Rome's future, the Vestal priesthood was cherished as one of the most ancient religious institutions in the city. The chapter then considers the social profile of prospective priestesses and explains how they were chosen for their extraordinary role in Roman society. It also outlines their legal status, which set them apart from ordinary Romans, and the privileges they were granted in exchange for their service to the state.

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