scholarly journals Evolution of the general practice pharmacist’s role in England: a longitudinal study

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (675) ◽  
pp. e727-e734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fay Bradley ◽  
Elizabeth Seston ◽  
Ceinwen Mannall ◽  
Chris Cutts

BackgroundTo address the growing GP workforce crisis, NHS England (NHSE) launched the Clinical Pharmacists in General Practice scheme in 2015. The NHSE scheme promotes a newer, patient-facing role for pharmacists and, currently, there is little insight into the role and activities undertaken. All scheme pharmacists are enrolled on the general practice pharmacist training pathway (GPPTP).AimTo investigate the role evolution and integration of clinical pharmacists in general practice in England.Design and settingLongitudinal survey of all phase 1 GPPTP registrants working in general practice at start of (T1) and 6 months into (T2) training.MethodAn online longitudinal survey was administered to all phase 1 GPPTP registrants (n = 457) at T1 and T2, measuring their perceived knowledge, skill, and confidence, activities performed, and perceptions of practice integration, environment, and support. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were conducted.ResultsResponse rates were 46% (T1) and 52% (T2); 158 participants completed both questionnaires. Perceived knowledge, skill, and confidence levels increased significantly from T1 to T2 for all areas, except for managing acute or common illness. Scope of practice increased significantly, particularly in patient-facing activities. Sharing office space with administrative staff was common and 13% of participants reported having no designated work area. Perceived integration at T2 was fairly high (median = 5 on a scale of 1–7) but GP clinical support was ‘too little’ according to one-third of participants.ConclusionFindings show not only patient-facing role expansion, but also practice environment and support issues. Pharmacists may appreciate more GP time invested in their development. Practices need to be realistic about this support and not expect an immediate reduction in workload.

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joao Gabriel Rosa Ramos ◽  
Sandra Cristina Hernandes ◽  
Talita Teles Teixeira Pereira ◽  
Shana Oliveira ◽  
Denis de Melo Soares ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Clinical pharmacists have an important role in the intensive care unit (ICU) team but are scarce resources. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of on-site pharmacists on medical prescriptions in the ICU. Methods This is a retrospective, quasi-experimental, controlled before-after study in two ICUs. Interventions by pharmacists were evaluated in phase 1 (February to November 2016) and phase 2 (February to May 2017) in ICU A (intervention) and ICU B (control). In phase 1, both ICUs had a telepharmacy service in which medical prescriptions were evaluated and interventions were made remotely. In phase 2, an on-site pharmacist was implemented in ICU A, but not in ICU B. We compared the number of interventions that were accepted in phase 1 versus phase 2. Results During the study period, 8797/9603 (91.6%) prescriptions were evaluated, and 935 (10.6%) needed intervention. In phase 2, there was an increase in the proportion of interventions that were accepted by the physician in comparison to phase 1 (93.9% versus 76.8%, P < 0.001) in ICU A, but there was no change in ICU B (75.2% versus 73.9%, P = 0.845). Conclusion An on-site pharmacist in the ICU was associated with an increase in the proportion of interventions that were accepted by physicians.


BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. e051684
Author(s):  
Sophie Bartlett ◽  
Alison Bullock ◽  
Kate Spittle

ObjectivePharmacists are increasingly contributing to the skill mix of general practice surgeries to help alleviate pressures faced by UK doctors working in primary care. However, they need support in overcoming barriers to their integration. The purpose of this work was to evaluate a programme designed to support pharmacists’ transition to working in general practice settings. We explored the learning needs of pharmacists’, the barriers and enablers to their integration and provide recommendations based on our results.InterventionA qualitative evaluation of a 1-year transition programme in Wales starting in September 2018 to support pharmacists’ transition to working in general practice settings.Design and settingWe employed an interpretative phenomenological approach involving 10 pharmacists across Wales enrolled on the transition to general practice training programme, and their tutors. Data were collected across two sequential phases: in phase 1 telephone interviews were held with pharmacists midway through their training; in phase 2, focus groups were conducted with both pharmacists and tutors towards the end of the programme.ResultsPharmacists enter general practice settings with a variety of prior experience. The programme provided a framework that pharmacists found helpful to map their experience to but the programme needed to be flexible to individual learning needs. The tutor role was typically regarded as the most valuable component, but interaction with the wider general practice team was critical to ease the transition. Pharmacists encountered a lack of clarity about their role which impeded their integration into the workplace team.ConclusionsA formal programme with a designated tutor can support pharmacists’ transition into general practice settings. The programme’s competency framework facilitated reciprocal understanding of the pharmacist’s role in the team, helped to manage expectations and enhanced collaborative practice. Recommendations to facilitate pharmacist integration into general practice settings are provided.


2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Cozzolino ◽  
Chelsea Smith ◽  
Robert L. Crosnoe

The economic crisis of the Great Recession in the late 2000s had implications for the intergenerational transmission of inequality within families. Studying patterns of college enrollment across the Great Recession among U.S. youth from diverse family contexts provides insight into how economic volatility can either compound or undercut the advantages that some parents can give their children. Although college enrollment among 18- to 21-year-olds did not decline during or after the Great Recession, analyses of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979–Young Adult cohort revealed that this general trend subsumed variability by family history, local economic conditions, and age. Histories of family stability and sufficiency were associated with higher odds of college enrollment over time and across age, but this advantage was largest during the Recession in high-unemployment communities. These results illuminate how life course consequences of early family life can fluctuate with volatility and opportunity in the broader economy.


2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Neville ◽  
Larry Broadfield ◽  
Claudia Harding ◽  
Shelley Heukshorst ◽  
Jennifer Sweetapple ◽  
...  

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Pharmacy technicians are expanding their scope of practice, often in partnership with pharmacists. In oncology, such a shift in responsibilities may lead to workflow efficiencies, but may also cause concerns about patient risk and medication errors.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The primary objective was to compare the time spent on order entry and order-entry checking before and after training of a clinical support pharmacy technician (CSPT) to perform chemotherapy order entry. The secondary objectives were to document workflow interruptions and to assess medication errors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This before-and-after observational study investigated chemotherapy order entry for ambulatory oncology patients. Order entry was performed by pharmacists before the process change (phase 1) and by 1 CSPT after the change (phase 2); order-entry checking was performed by a pharmacist during both phases. The tasks were timed by an independent observer using a personal digital assistant. A convenience sample of 125 orders was targeted for each phase. Data were exported to Microsoft Excel software, and timing differences for each task were tested with an unpaired <em>t </em>test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Totals of 143 and 128 individual orders were timed for order entry during phase 1 (pharmacist) and phase 2 (CSPT), respectively. The mean total time to perform order entry was greater during phase 1 (1:37 min versus 1:20 min; <em>p </em>= 0.044). Totals of 144 and 122 individual orders were timed for order-entry checking (by a pharmacist) in phases 1 and 2, respectively, and there was no difference in mean total time for order-entry checking (1:21 min versus 1:20 min; <em>p </em>= 0.69). There were 33 interruptions not related to order entry (totalling 39:38 min) during phase 1 and 25 interruptions (totalling 30:08 min) during phase 2. Three errors were observed during order entry in phase 1 and one error during order-entry checking in phase 2; the errors were rated as having no effect on patient care.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Chemotherapy order entry by a trained CSPT appeared to be just as safe and efficient as order entry by a pharmacist. Changes in pharmacy technicians’ scope of practice could increase the amount of time available for pharmacists to provide direct patient care in the oncology setting.</p><p><strong>RÉSUMÉ</strong></p><p><strong>Contexte : </strong>Les techniciens en pharmacie élargissent leur champ de pratique, souvent en partenariat avec les pharmaciens. En oncologie, un tel changement dans les responsabilités pourrait conduire à une optimisation de l’organisation du travail, mais il peut aussi soulever des inquiétudes au sujet des risques pour le patient et des erreurs de médicaments.</p><p><strong>Objectifs : </strong>L’objectif principal était de comparer le temps passé à la saisie d’ordonnances et à la vérification de cette saisie avant et après avoir formé un technicien en pharmacie dédié au soutien clinique (TPDSC) à la saisie d’ordonnances de chimiothérapie. Les objectifs secondaires étaient de répertorier les interruptions de travail et d’évaluer les erreurs de médicaments.</p><p><strong>Méthodes : </strong>La présente étude observationnelle avant-après s’est intéressée à la saisie d’ordonnances de  chimiothérapie pour les patients ambulatoires en oncologie. La saisie d’ordonnances était réalisée par des pharmaciens avant le changement de procédé (phase 1), puis, après le changement (phase 2), un TPDSC en avait la responsabilité. Un pharmacien vérifiait la saisie d’ordonnances au cours des deux phases. Les tâches étaient chronométrées par un observateur indépendant à l’aide d’un assistant numérique personnel. Un échantillon de  commodité de 125 ordonnances était souhaité pour chaque phase. Les données ont été consignées dans un tableur Excel de Microsoft et les écarts de temps pour chaque tâche ont été évalués à l’aide d’un test <em>t </em>pour échantillons indépendants.</p><p><strong>Résultats : </strong>Au total, on a chronométré le temps de saisie pour 143 ordonnances à la phase 1 (pharmacien), puis de 128 ordonnances pour la phase 2 (TPDSC). Le temps total moyen nécessaire pour saisir une ordonnance était plus long au cours de la phase 1 (1 min 37 s contre 1 min 20 s; <em>p </em>= 0,044). Au total, on a chronométré la vérification (réalisée par un pharmacien) de saisie pour 144 ordonnances à la phase 1 et 122 ordonnances à la phase 2. Aucune différence notable n’a été relevée dans le temps total moyen de vérification (1 min 21 s contre 1 min 20 s; <em>p </em>= 0,69). On a dénombré 33 interruptions sans lien à la saisie d’ordonnances (totalisant 39 min 38 s) au cours de la phase 1 et 25 interruptions (totalisant 30 min et 8 s) durant la phase 2. Trois erreurs à la saisie d’ordonnances ont été observées pendant la phase 1 et une erreur à la vérification de la saisie d’ordonnances pendant la phase 2; ces erreurs ont été jugées sans effet sur les soins aux patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions : </strong>La saisie d’ordonnances de chimiothérapie par un TPDSC formé semblait être tout aussi sûre et efficiente que si elle était réalisée par un pharmacien. Les changements apportés au champ de pratique des techniciens en pharmacie pourraient accroître le temps dont disposent les pharmaciens pour prodiguer des soins directs aux patients en oncologie.</p>


2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Marie Muscat ◽  
Pinika Patel ◽  
Sharon Reid ◽  
Tammy Hoffmann ◽  
Loai Albarqouni ◽  
...  

Perceived knowledge gaps in general practice are not well documented but must be understood to ensure relevant and timely evidence for busy general practitioners (GPs) which reflects their diverse and changing needs. The aim of this study was to classify the types of questions submitted by Australian GPs to an evidence-based practice information service using established and inductive coding systems. We analysed 126 clinical questions submitted by 53 Australian GPs over a 1.5-year period. Questions were coded using the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC-2 PLUS) and Ely and colleagues’ generic questions taxonomy by two independent coders. Inductive qualitative content analysis was also used to identify perceived knowledge gaps. Treatment (71%), diagnosis (15%) and epidemiology (9%) were the most common categories of questions. Using the ICPC-2 classification, questions were most commonly coded to the endocrine/metabolic and nutritional chapter heading, followed by general and unspecified, digestive and musculoskeletal. Seventy per cent of all questions related to the need to stay up-to-date with the evidence, or be informed about new tests or treatments (including complementary and alternative therapies). These findings suggest that current guideline formats for common clinical problems may not meet the knowledge demands of GPs and there is gap in access to evidence updates on new tests, treatments and complementary and alternative therapies. Better systems for ‘pulling’ real-time questions from GPs could better inform the ‘push’ of more relevant and timely evidence for use in the clinical encounter.


2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Latham

AbstractThis study sets out to make a meaningful and useful contribution to the discussion surrounding the treatment of heroin addiction in Ireland. The study took place in nine urban general practices in Dublin city. Twenty five service users were interviewed in-depth. A phenomenological approach drawing on the psychological research methods of Colazzi for data analysis informed this study. Four themes emerged from the data: Service users' the significance of methadone for the service user; service users' understanding of the Methadone Treatment Protocol and the experience of addiction and its effect on families.This paper reports on the experiences of service users receiving methadone treatment in urban general practice in Dublin and in so doing highlights the influence of the GP in supporting recovery. It explores the theme - Service User's Experience of attending general practice for methadone treatment. These accounts provide insight into the harm reduction policy of methadone maintenance and highlight how - from the service users' experience - the implementation is falling short.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon de Lusignan ◽  
F D Richard Hobbs ◽  
Harshana Liyanage ◽  
Filipa Ferreira ◽  
Manasa Tripathy ◽  
...  

BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the commonest arrhythmias observed in general practice. The thromboembolic complications of AF include transient ischemic attack, stroke, and pulmonary embolism. Early recognition of AF can lead to early intervention with managing the risks of these complications. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study is to investigate if patients are managed in general practice according to current national guidelines. In addition, the study will evaluate the impact of direct oral anticoagulant use with respect to AF complications in a real-world dataset. The secondary aims of the study are to develop a dashboard that will allow monitoring the management of AF in general practice and evaluate the usability of the dashboard. METHODS The study was conducted in 2 phases. The initial phase was a quantitative analysis of routinely collected primary care data from the Oxford Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Center (RCGP RSC) sentinel network database. AF cases from 2009 to 2019 were identified. The study investigated the impact of the use of anticoagulants on complications of AF over this time period. We used this dataset to examine how AF was managed in primary care during the last decade. The second phase involved development of an online dashboard for monitoring management of AF in general practice. We conducted a usability evaluation for the dashboard to identify usability issues and performed enhancements to improve usability. RESULTS We received funding for both phases in January 2019 and received approval from the RCGP RSC research committee in March 2019. We completed data extraction for phase 1 in May 2019 and completed analysis in December 2019. We completed building the AF dashboard in May 2019. We started recruiting participants for phase 1 in May 2019 and concluded data collection in July 2019. We completed data analysis for phase 2 in October 2019. The results are expected to be published in the second half of 2020. As of October 2020, the publications reporting the results are under review. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study will provide an insight into the current trends in management of AF using real-world data from the Oxford RCGP RSC database. We anticipate that the outcomes of this study will be used to guide the development and implementation of an audit-based intervention tool to assist practitioners in identifying and managing AF in primary care. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR1-10.2196/21259


2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-42
Author(s):  
Clare Blackwell

The new primary care networks provide opportunities for nurses working in general practice. Clare Blackwell provides an insight into the role of lead nurse in a primary care network


2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
V Savickas ◽  
E Foreman ◽  
M Iqbal ◽  
A Ladva ◽  
S K Bhamra ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The Clinical Pharmacists in General Practice (CPGP) initiative aims to recruit over 2000 clinical pharmacists in general practice (GP) surgeries in England by 2020. This study aimed to explore the services delivered by all GP pharmacy professionals (GPPPs; pharmacists/pharmacy technicians) across the UK. Methods 30-item e-questionnaire was developed using SurveyMonkey platform and piloted during one-to-one cognitive interviews with GPPPs. The survey was distributed via the Primary Care Pharmacy Association, social media sites, collaborating GP organisations and via emails to participants of CPGP pilot. Three reminders were sent out 1 week apart. University ethics approval was obtained. Results Ninety-one responses were received between November 2018 and March 2019 (89% pharmacists, 52% from CPGP pilot). Participants provided an average of 9 services (95% CI 8.3-9.9). Over 90% of pharmacists delivered medication reviews and over 80% managed patients with polypharmacy. More pharmacists within than outside of the CPGP pilot managed repeat prescribing requests (70% vs. 47%, p = 0.035). Technicians took responsibility for primarily non-clinical services such as service commissioning (90%), management of safety alerts/drug recalls (80%), standard operating procedures (80%) and education & training (80%). Over 40% of GPPPs not providing care home services wished to do so by 2024. Four technicians wanted to be more involved in medication reviews. The main perceived benefits of GP pharmacy services included identifying medicines-related issues (93%), utilisation of pharmacy professionals’ skills (93%) and a reduction in medication waste (92%). Conclusions GPPPs provide a range of clinical and non-clinical services which may benefit public health at an individual and healthcare system levels. Pharmacists within the pilot are more likely to deliver repeat prescribing services. Future GP pharmacy landscape will likely include additional services to care homes. Key messages GPPPs including pharmacy technicians provide clinical and non-clinical services, appropriate to their scope of practice, to benefit patients, healthcare systems and themselves. Developing future GP pharmacy services to care homes offers further opportunities to benefit a vulnerable group of patients with long-term illnesses.


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