Artificial Induction of Ovulation in Pondraised Mahseer, Tor khudree Using Carp Pituitary and Ovaprim

A total of 102 induced breeding trials were carried out at Harangi, Karnataka between 1993 and 1997, with a view to standardize hatchery technology for pond-raised mahseer, Tor khudree. The initial seeds for raising the broodstock were brought from Lonavla, Maharashtra in 1990 and reared in mud-bottomed masonry ponds. Male and female brood fish were maintained separately and fed on improved diets. Female brood were injected with HCG at 5 mg•kg-1 once a month from December till the onset of monsoon in June, to improve fecundity. In all the trials, observations on water temperature, response of females to inducing agent, weight of females that responded, fecundity, time required for ovulation and fertilization rate were recorded. The following are the findings from the series of breeding trials conducted with different objectives. Between the two inducing agents evaluated, Ovaprim performed better in terms of response of female (40%), than pituitary extract (29.63%). Feeding broodstock with a diet having 24.5% crude protein resulted in higher ovulation response, shorter time for ovulation and higher fertilization rate of eggs, compared to 31.5% crude protein diet. Plankton weight recorded in ponds fed on low protein was less than in ponds receiving high protein diet, indicating better utilization of natural food in the former. Cryopreserved spermatozoa performed comparably (P>0.05) with that of normal spermatozoa in terms of fertilization rate and quality of hatchlings. The duration of egg hatching and yolk absorption were found to be temperature dependent. Fertilized eggs incubated in Mangalore at 27-28o C took 60 hours for hatching and 95 hours for yolk sac absorption, compared to 120 hours taken for hatching and 238 hours for yolk absorption by those maintained at 20-24o C in Harangi.

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Low Crude Protein Diet Affects the Intestinal Microbiome and Metabolome Differently in Barrows and Gilts

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.717727 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Xin Tao ◽

Bo Deng ◽

Qizhi Yuan ◽

Xiaoming Men ◽

Jie Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Crude Protein ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

Stage I ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Stage Ii ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Low Protein ◽

Protein Diets

Low protein diets are commonly used in the growing-finishing pig stage of swine production; however, the effects of low dietary protein on the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites, and their association with pig sex, remain unclear. The present study aimed to assess the impact of a low crude protein (CP) diet on the gut microbiome and metabolome, and to reveal any relationship with sex. Barrows and gilts (both n = 24; initial body = 68.33 ± 0.881 kg) were allocated into two treatments according to sex. The four groups comprised two pairs of gilts and barrows fed with a high protein diet (CP 17% at stage I; CP 13% at stage II) and a low protein diet (CP 15% at stage I; CP 11% at stage II), respectively, for 51 d. Eight pigs in each group were slaughtered and their colon contents were collected. Intestinal microbiota and their metabolites were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing and tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The low protein diet increased intestinal microbiota species and richness indices (P < 0.05) in both sexes compared with the high protein diet. The sample Shannon index was different (P < 0.01) between barrows and gilts. At the genus level, unidentified Clostridiales (P < 0.05), Neisseria (P < 0.05), unidentified Prevotellaceae (P < 0.01) and Gracilibacteria (P < 0.05) were affected by dietary protein levels. The relative abundance of unidentified Prevotellaceae was different (P < 0.01) between barrows and gilts. The influence of dietary protein levels on Neisseria (P < 0.05), unidentified Prevotellaceae (P < 0.01) and Gracilibacteria (P < 0.05) were associated with sex. Metabolomic profiling indicated that dietary protein levels mainly affected intestinal metabolites in gilts rather than barrows. A total of 434 differentially abundant metabolites were identified in gilts fed the two protein diets. Correlation analysis identified that six differentially abundant microbiota communities were closely associated with twelve metabolites that were enriched for amino acids, inflammation, immune, and disease-related metabolic pathways. These results suggested that decreasing dietary protein contents changed the intestinal microbiota in growing-finishing pigs, which selectively affected the intestinal metabolite profiles in gilts.

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The protein requirement of the ruminant calf. II. Further studies on the effect of protein content of the concentrate mixture on the performance of calves weaned at an early age

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100038241 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 23-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

I. J. F. Stobo ◽

J. H. B. Roy ◽

Helen J. Gaston

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Live Weight ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

High Protein ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Protein Requirement ◽

Live Weight Gain ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Low Protein

1. Eighty-four Friesian heifer calves were used in two experiments (Experiments 4 and 5) to study the protein requirement of the ruminant calf to 12 weeks of age. The calves were weaned at 5 weeks of age and given a concentrate containing one of several protein levels, together with hay and water.2. In Experiment 4, the effect of changing the protein content of the concentrates at 8 weeks of age under ad libitum feeding conditions was studied. A concentrate containing 20·6% crude protein (air-dry basis) tended to promote more rapid weight gains in calves to 8 weeks than a similar concentrate with 12·1% crude protein. Following the change in diet at 8 weeks, both groups of calves given the low-protein diet gained weight at similar rates in the period 8–12 weeks, irrespective of the protein level to 8 weeks. During the period 8–12 weeks calves given the high-protein diet, after receiving a low-protein diet to 8 weeks, tended to gain weight at a faster rate than those given the high-protein concentrate throughout. After adjustment for differences between treatment groups in mean concentrate consumption and mean live-weight at 8 weeks, the live-weight gain from 8 to 12 weeks was significantly greater in calves given the high-protein diet after 8 weeks.3. In Experiment 5, a significantly lower growth rate was obtained when concentrate intake was restricted to a maximum of 2 kg./day than when given ad libitum. Calves given the concentrates containing 15·9% or 20·6% crude protein gained weight significantly faster than those given the concentrate containing 12·1% crude protein, at both levels of feeding, after live-weight gain was adjusted for differences between treatment groups in mean food consumption and live-weight at 1 week.4. It is concluded that no advantage is obtained by giving a concentrate containing more than 15·9% protein to Friesian heifer calves weaned at 5 weeks of age. The results indicate clearly the importance of an adequate supply of energy in the diet of the ruminant calf if maximum live-weight gain is to be achieved.

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The effects of differing proportions of dietary macronutrients on the digestibility and post-prandial endocrine responses in domestic cats (Felis catus)

Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition ◽

10.1017/jan.2015.2 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Author(s):

S.R. Hill ◽

K.J. Rutherfurd-Markwick ◽

G. Ravindran ◽

D.G. Thomas

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

High Protein ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

High Carbohydrate ◽

Low Protein ◽

Low Carbohydrate

SummaryThe aim of this study was to compare the effects of feeding two diets with different macronutrient proportions (high protein, low carbohydrate and low protein, high carbohydrate) on the digestibility and post-prandial endocrine responses of cats fed at maintenance levels, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the marginal ear vein prick technique for the measurement of blood glucose levels in feline studies. Two diets were fed to 16 adult domestic short-haired cats for a period of three weeks (eight cats per diet). Following a seven-day dietary adaptation period, the apparent macronutrient digestibility of the two diets was determined (days 8-19) using the total faecal collection method. The faeces were freeze dried, ground and analysed for dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and gross energy and then apparent digestibility was calculated. On days 20 and 21, the post-prandial glucose responses of the cats fed a single meal of one of the two diets were measured in serial blood samples collected using the marginal ear vein prick technique.Results showed that the high protein, low carbohydrate diet had higher (p < 0.05) apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and energy, lower (p < 0.01) daily faecal output and smaller fluctuations in blood glucose concentrations. Despite the two groups of cats having similar calorific intakes, the cats fed the high protein diet lost weight over the study period, whereas those fed the high carbohydrate, low protein diet gained weight. The marginal ear vein prick technique proved to be an effective alternative to catheterisation for blood glucose determination. The high protein diet tested in the current study, in addition to being more aligned to the cat's natural carnivorous diet, may be beneficial for weight management and blood glucose control in cats.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Regulation of α-Transducin and α-Gustducin Expression by a High Protein Diet in the Pig Gastrointestinal Tract.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.726141037.793523445 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Jonathan Kaunitz

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

High Protein ◽

Protein Diet

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Mechanisms of action of a carbohydrate-reduced, high-protein diet in reducing the risk of postprandial hypoglycemia after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.734831416.793563603 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Luc Tappy

Keyword(s):

Gastric Bypass ◽

Bypass Surgery ◽

Gastric Bypass Surgery ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

High Protein ◽

Protein Diet

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A high-protein diet increases faecal IgA concentrations in baby pigs

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665100590545 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 67 (OCE5) ◽

Author(s):

F. Vitari ◽

A. Morise ◽

M. Formal ◽

C. Garcia ◽

K. Mace ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Protein Diet ◽

High Protein ◽

Protein Diet

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Measurement of the Intestinal pH in Mice under Various Conditions Reveals Alkalization Induced by Antibiotics

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10020180 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 180

Author(s):

Kouki Shimizu ◽

Issei Seiki ◽

Yoshiyuki Goto ◽

Takeshi Murata

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Treatment ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

High Protein ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Germ Free ◽

Treatment Regimens ◽

Ph Values ◽

Specific Pathogen ◽

The Stability

The intestinal pH can greatly influence the stability and absorption of oral drugs. Therefore, knowledge of intestinal pH is necessary to understand the conditions for drug delivery. This has previously been measured in humans and rats. However, information on intestinal pH in mice is insufficient despite these animals being used often in preclinical testing. In this study, 72 female ICR mice housed in SPF (specific pathogen-free) conditions were separated into nine groups to determine the intestinal pH under conditions that might cause pH fluctuations, including high-protein diet, ageing, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment, several antibiotic treatment regimens and germ-free mice. pH was measured in samples collected from the ileum, cecum and colon, and compared to control animals. An electrode, 3 mm in diameter, enabled accurate pH measurements with a small amount of gastrointestinal content. Consequently, the pH values in the cecum and colon were increased by high-protein diet, and the pH in the ileum was decreased by PPI. Drastic alkalization was induced by antibiotics, especially in the cecum and colon. The alkalized pH values in germ-free mice suggested that the reduction in the intestinal bacteria caused by antibiotics led to alkalization. Alkalization of the intestinal pH caused by antibiotic treatment was verified in mice. We need further investigations in clinical settings to check whether the same phenomena occur in patients.

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