scholarly journals Substitution of Fishmeal with Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens Linnaeus, 1758 Larvae in Finfish Aquaculture – A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
MANIYANGAMAGE KASUN CHATHURANGA PRIYADARSHANA ◽  
◽  
CHAMINDA NIROSHAN WALPITA ◽  
MANOHARAN NAVEENAN ◽  
MANJULA PRIYANTHA SUMITH MAGAMAGE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Fish Nutrition ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Fishmeal Replacement ◽  
Wide Range

The reliance of aquaculture feed industry on fishmeal has been challenged by ecological, economic, and ethical limitations leading fish nutritionists to look for viable alternatives, and conventional animal-based protein sources showed varying degrees of success in this regard. However, a non-conventional protein source, black soldier fly Hermetia illucens Linnaeus, 1758 larvae (BSFL), received due attention as a focal point in fish nutrition research. Though many studies were conducted on H. illucens as a potential protein source for fish, a comprehensive review is not available. Therefore, this article aims to review the existing literature on the use of BSFL as a fishmeal replacer in aquaculture. The nutrient composition of BSFL varied with the developmental stage and the composition of growing medium. High crude protein levels (40.4–56.2 %) and high crude fat levels (4.8–24.8 %) made BSFL suitable for high protein and high energy diet. Early prepupa was the best stage for harvesting, considering its high crude protein content and dry matter yield and less chitin content. Up to 100 % inclusion levels of BSFL meal were tested in a wide range of fish species. Most studies revealed that up to 50 % of fishmeal replacement would be possible without negative effects on the fish. Notable adverse effects were found beyond 50 % of fishmeal replacement, mainly due to high chitin levels in the pupal stage and high crude fat levels. Harvesting BSFL before the pupal stage and defattening made it possible to replace 100 % of fishmeal without adverse effects on fish.

Valorisation of organic waste material: growth performance of wild black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) reared on different organic wastes

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Nyakeri ◽  
H.J.O. Ogola ◽  
M.A. Ayieko ◽  
F.A. Amimo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Extract Content ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae

Insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) are currently being promoted as an alternative protein source for animals and organic waste management agents. To play the dual roles sustainably, there is need to reduce reliance on wild BSF and develop an appropriate farming methodology for the insect. This study aimed at improving larvae production in a black soldier fly colony previously established from the wild in Kenya. The study explored the effect of four locally available organic wastes as feedstocks for production the black soldier fly larvae. Separate feeding trials on faecal sludge (FS), banana peelings (BP), brewer’s waste (BW) and restaurant food waste (FR) was done and their effect on BSF larvae growth rate, larvae weight, total prepupal yield in grams, crude protein and lipid (ether extract) content analysed. The efficiency of the BSF larvae to consume and therefore reduce the waste load of the different substrates was also evaluated. Results showed that BSF larvae fed on FR had significantly higher (P<0.05) total mean yield and average individual weight of 196.9±4.0 g and 0.101±0.002 g, respectively, followed by BW (154.8±6.5 g, 0.078±0.02 g), FS (138.7±5.0 g, 0.070±0.001 g) and with BP the lowest (108.9±5.6 g, 0.055±0.002 g). The harvested BSF larvae crude protein was significantly higher for FS and BW at 45.4±0.1% and 43.0±1.0%, respectively. However, ether extract content was variable and dependent on feedstock used with lower values reported for FS and BW (18.1±0.3% and 27.2%, respectively), and highest for food remains prepupa (36%). Dry matter reduction ranged between 50.3-81.8% with corresponding bioconversion and feed conversion rates ranging from 14.9-20.8% and 2.6-4.5, respectively, was achieved for the substrates used. These results indicated the potential of utilising BSF composting in valorisation of the local organic wastes for their bioremediation from the environment. Due to their availability in large quantities and their low cost, these organic wastes can form important feedstock resources for the sustainable production of BSF larvae as a future alternative protein source for both animal feeds at farm level and industrial scale. In conclusion, embracing nutrient recycling through BSF technology by resource-constrained farmers in Kenya will contribute to food security through supply of proteins for production of poultry and fish.

Maggot Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Nutritional Content Using Various Culture Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-211
Author(s):  
Ase Lestari ◽  
T.H Wahyuni ◽  
T.H Wahyuni ◽  
E. Mirwandhono ◽  
N. Ginting
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Palm Kernel Cake ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
The Media

Maggot black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is an insect that is environmentally friendly and can be mass produced and does not compete with humans. In addition, insect cultivation can reduce organic waste that has the potential to pollute the environment. Maggot black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) has a high crude protein content of 42.1%. The length of the life cycle and the high and low nutrient content of the maggot are influenced by the maggot growing media used. In this study using EM4 as a bio-activator for fermentation of rice bran, coconut dregs, tofu dregs and palm kernel cake. The function of this fermentation is to increase the nutrients contained in this material which will later be used as a growing medium for maggot and maggot is one of the alternatives to feed protein sources from fish meal. The study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) 5 treatments and 4 replications, with the weight of each experimental unit the media content is 1 kg and filled with 1 g of BSF eggs and the media size is 37 cm long, 26 cm wide and 10 cm high. The parameters of this study consisted of maggot production and maggot nutritional content, namely moisture content, ash content, crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrates. Based on research results P0 (100% fermented rice bran) obtained an average maggot production of 525g, KA maggot 8,16%, KAb maggot 7,83%, PK maggot 44,82%, LK maggot 21,62% and 17.58% maggot carbohydrates respectively. P1 (50% fermented rice bran + 50% fermented coconut dregs) obtained an average maggot production of 467.5g, KA maggot 9,57%, KAb maggot 9,03%, PK maggot 44,68%, LK maggot 20,51% and 16.20% maggot carbohydrates respectively. P2 (50% fermented rice bran + 50% fermented tofu dregs) obtained an average maggot production of 545.25g, KA maggot 9,02%, KAb maggot 8,32%, PK maggot 44,74%, LK maggot 18,57% and 20.09% maggot carbohydrates respectively. P3 (50% fermented rice bran + 50% palm kernel cake) obtained an average maggot production of 542g, KA maggot 9,16%, KAb maggot 9,22%, PK maggot 43,72%, LK maggot 19,87% and 18.02% maggot carbohydrates respectively. P4 (25% fermented rice bran + 25% fermented tofu dregs + 25% fermented coconut dregs + 25% palm kernel cake) obtained an average maggot production of 831.5g, KA maggot 9,08%, KAb maggot 9,35%, PK maggot 44,38%, LK maggot 17,01% and 20.18% maggot carbohydrates respectively. From the research results, it can be concluded that the use of culture media with a combination of 25% fermented rice bran + 25% fermented coconut dregs + 25% fermented tofu dregs + 25% fermented palm kernel meal is the best combination where the production reaches 831.5 g bsf and 20 carbohydrates. , 18% but could not increase moisture content, ash content, crude protein and crude fat.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin B1 Conversion by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larval Enzyme Extracts

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Meijer ◽  
Geert Stoopen ◽  
H.J. van der Fels-Klerx ◽  
Joop J.A. van Loon ◽  
John Carney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Cytochrome P450s ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Novel Protein

The larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L., BSFL) have received increased industrial interest as a novel protein source for food and feed. Previous research has found that insects, including BSFL, are capable of metabolically converting aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), but recovery of total AFB1 is less than 20% when accounting for its conversion to most known metabolites. The aim of this study was to examine the conversion of AFB1 by S9 extracts of BSFL reared on substrates with or without AFB1. Liver S9 of Aroclor-induced rats was used as a reference. To investigate whether cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the conversion of AFB1, the inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was tested in a number of treatments. The results showed that approximately 60% of AFB1 was converted to aflatoxicol and aflatoxin P1. The remaining 40% of AFB1 was not converted. Cytochrome P450s were indeed responsible for metabolic conversion of AFB1 into AFP1, and a cytoplasmic reductase was most likely responsible for conversion of AFB1 into aflatoxicol.

scholarly journals Rearing substrate impacts growth and macronutrient composition of Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae produced at an industrial scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Scala ◽  
Jonathan A. Cammack ◽  
Rosanna Salvia ◽  
Carmen Scieuzo ◽  
Antonio Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Waste Valorization ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spent Grain

Abstract Organic waste is a rapidly increasing problem due to the growth of the agricultural production needed to meet global food demands. Development of sustainable waste management solutions is essential. Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (BSF), larvae are voracious consumers of a wide range of organic materials ranging from fruits and vegetables to animal remains, and manure. Thanks to this ability and considering the larval high protein and lipid content, BSF larvae are a useful additive in animal feeds and biodiesel production. Unfortunately, the feasibility of using the black soldier fly as a tool for waste valorization and feed production has primarily been investigated at the benchtop scale. Thus, mobilization of current practices to an industrial scale is challenging because scaling up from small laboratory studies to large industrial studies is not necessarily linear. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the ability of the BSF to recycle organic waste at an industrial scale. To accomplish this goal, three organic waste streams were used (e.g., apples, bananas, and spent grain from a brewery) to test six diet treatments (1) apple, (2) banana, (3) spent grain, (4) apple and banana, (5) apple and spent grain, and (6) banana and spent grain. Working at scale of 10,000 BSF larvae life history traits, waste valorization, protein and lipid profiles were measured for each diet treatment. Differences were recorded across all variables, except substrate conversion, for larvae fed on fruit and spent grain (alone or with fruit). Growth rate significantly differed across treatments; larvae reared on spent grain grew twice as fast as those fed apples alone, but those reared on the apple and spent grain mixture produced twice as much insect biomass. However, it should be noted that larvae resulting from the apple diet contained 50% more fat than larvae fed the fruit and spent grain mixtures. Commonly-available organic wastes were successfully used at an industrial scale to produce BSF larvae that have the potential to substitute other sources of protein and lipids in different industrial applications. Industrialization efforts are encouraged to assess these impacts when integrating diverse ingredients into larval diets as a means to more precisely predict output, such as larval development time and final larval biomass.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF ZOOCOMPOST FORMED AS A RESULT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAE OF THE BLACK SOLDIER FLY HERMETIA ILLUCENS IN ORGANIC SUBSTRATES ON NEMATODES OF VARIOUS TAXONOMIC AFFILIATIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 432-437
Author(s):  
Udalova ◽  
Butorina ◽  
Zinovieva ◽  
Bastrakov ◽  
Ushakova
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Hermetia Illucens Larvae

Bioconversion of organic material with the help of Hermetia illucens larvae allows to partially solve the problem of waste disposal and to obtain a wide range of various products, including zoocompost. In laboratory conditions, a mixture of lawn grasses was grown in the soil from a natural biocenosis with a predominance of saprobiotic (Rhabditida), polyphage species of nematodes (Dorylaimida) and phytohelminths (Tylenchida) and with the introduction of zoocompost in the soil in a ratio of 1/43. After 30 days, the number of nematodes in the control variants increased almost 6 times, the number of phytohelminths practically remained at the same level, the increase was due to saprobiotic nematodes. The ratio of phytohelminths to saprobiotic nematodes was 1:18. When zoological compost was introduced, a significant increase in saprobionts and a decrease in nematodes of the tylenchid order (~ 1:1380) were observed. The number of polyphagous species at the end of the experiment doubled in the control, while in the experiment it changed slightly. It was shown that in addition to the growth-promoting effect on plants, the introduction of an organic substrate leads to an increase in the number of saprozoid nematodes, with the displacement of phytohelminths.

Recycling of organic residues by black soldier fly larvae - influence of substrate on larval composition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Erhart ◽  
Marion Bonell ◽  
Manfred Sager ◽  
Kim Hissek ◽  
Dieter Haas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Organic Residues ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Soybean Extraction

&lt;p&gt;The concept of closed ecological cycles has a high priority in organic farming. As the larvae of the black soldier fly are able to utilize organic residues and convert them into high-quality protein and fat, the larvae could play a role in recycling local organic residues into feed for fish, poultry and pigs and partially replace imported protein feeds. In this work, a wide range of residues was tested as feed components for black soldier fly larvae.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Total C and S of feed substrates and larvae were determined by CNS analyzer. Crude protein/N&lt;sub&gt;tot&lt;/sub&gt; was analyzed by the Kjeldahl method; crude fat after acid digestion. For the analysis of P&lt;sub&gt;tot&lt;/sub&gt; and other elements the samples were digested by dry ashing, dissolved in dilute HCl and measured by ICP-OES.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The yield of larval dry matter ranged from 0.10 to 0.23 kg per kg feed dry matter (DM). The highest larval DM was obtained with substrates of bread residues and wheat bran and of distiller's grain solubles (DDGS) and pasta residues. The lowest larval DM and the lowest yield of larval protein were obtained when feeding with substrates containing beet pulp or potatoes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Crude protein contents of the larvae ranged from 33% to 52% DM, the maximum values almost equalling soybean extraction meal, but still below fish meal. High crude protein contents in the feed did not always correlate with high larval contents. The yield of larval protein was 0.105 kg per kg feed DM at maximum, with a substrate containing rapeseed extraction meal and pasta residues. Substrates of brewer's grains and pasta residues and of DDGS and pasta residues yielded 0.101 kg kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and 0.98 kg kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Larval crude fat contents ranged between 18% and 38% DM. Of the feed substrates with high DM and protein yields, only that of rapeseed extraction meal and pasta residues achieved a crude protein/crude fat ratio &gt;2.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Phosphorus contents of the larvae were 6.9 - 11.5 g kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; DM, sulfur contents 3.3 - 6.1 g kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. Highest P and S contents were found in larvae fattened on substrates with particularly high P and S contents, such as of corn steep liquor and wheat bran, or of rapeseed extraction meal with maize or pasta residues.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Calcium was enriched in the larvae. With the exception of larvae from Ca-rich feed substrates such as rapeseed extraction meal or beet pulp, which had Ca contents of 20 and 30 g kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; DM, respectively, the Ca contents of the larvae were in the range of soybean extraction meal, 3.4 to 10.5 g kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; DM.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cu contents ranged from 5.7 to 13.9 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; DM, with the exception of larvae fed with brewer's grains, which had 24.7 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; Cu.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The results show that crude protein and crude fat content of the larvae vary greatly with different feed substrates. In addition to these quality characteristics, the substrate also influences the contents of other nutrients such as P, Ca, Cu, etc. This knowledge can be used specifically in different applications of the larvae in feed production.&lt;/p&gt;

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