scholarly journals Value-based Essentialism: Essentialist Beliefs About Social Groups With Shared Values

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
April Bailey ◽  
Joshua Knobe ◽  
George Newman
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Shared Values ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Psychological Essentialism ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inductive Generalizations

Psychological essentialism has played an important role in social psychology, informing influential theories of stereotyping and prejudice as well as questions about wrongdoers’ accountability and their ability to change. In the existing literature, essentialism is often tied to beliefs in shared biology—i.e., the extent to which members of a social group are seen as having the same underlying biological features. Here we investigate the possibility of “value-based essentialism” in which people think of certain social groups in terms of an underlying essence, but that essence is understood as a value. Study 1 explored beliefs about a wide range of social groups and found that both groups with shared biology (e.g., women) and shared values (e.g., hippies) elicited similar general essentialist beliefs relative to more incidental social categories (e.g., English-speakers). In Studies 2-4, participants who read about a group either as being based in biology or in values reported higher general essentialist beliefs compared to a control condition. Because biological essences about social groups have been connected to a number of downstream consequences, we also investigated two test cases concerning value-based essentialism. In Study 3, beliefs about both shared biology and shared values increased inductive generalizations about the social group relative to control, but in Study 4, only the shared biology condition reduced blame for wrongdoing. Together these findings join with recent work to support a broader theoretical framework of essentialism about social groups that can be arrived at through multiple pathways, including, in the present case, shared values.

scholarly journals Speech Genre: A Study of Gossip in Australian English Speaking Context

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-271
Author(s):  
Nurhadi Hamka
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Generic Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Speech Genre ◽  
Australian English ◽  
Diverse Context

A gossip as a casual conversation usually occurs in diverse context or a wide range of social situations; has distinct and various topics; and involve an irregular set of participants. The scholars scrutinize that conversation has highly structured activity of which people tacitly realize that there are some basic conventions to follow – such as when to speak or to stay silent and to listen. In this study, I specifically discuss one of the speech genre – a gossip, in Australia English speaking context. The gossip data of the study is taken from the research conducted by Thornburry, Scott, and Slade, Diana (2006). In a discussion, I focus the analysis of the generic structure of the gossip and how it establishes the social function (within) the speech members. Several findings conveyed that: 1) there is a leeway of shifting from one genre to another – e.g. narrative to gossip, within the same participants; 2) conversation can be successful if all the participants aware of and follow the basic conventions – when to talk or to listen, support to judgement or reluctant to the focus of conversation; 3) the genre, e.g. narrative or gossip, could motivate people to leave or to join the conversation which then could establish and reinforce the group membership and maintain the values of the social group.

EVALUATION OF THE PHENOMENON OF SPATIAL SEGREGATION IN LVIV. HISTORICAL ASPECT

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-83
Author(s):  
Senkiv Z ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Spatial Segregation ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

The article attempts to outline the phenomenon of spatial segregation in Lviv. It highlights the historical aspects of this phenomenon, and their impact on the current situation. Also is outlined the own classification of the social groups which have developed at present city is considering the degree of their mutual isolation. It was found that in the historical aspect of spatial segregation in Lviv can be divided into three periods: - medieval (when it was discriminatory), Soviet (when it was a privilege marking of politically "trustworthy"), and modern (associated with property stratification). Each of these segregation stages has left its mark on the spatial character of the city, albeit to varying degrees. Thus, the medieval discriminatory segregation of space is now practically inactive; the Soviet partially changed its direction and lost its original meaning, the modern one is at the stage of active development and deepening. Eight social categories have been identified in modern Lviv, in relation to which the process of spatial segregation is taking place. Accordingly, an assessment of the phenomenon of spatial segregation is given, which should take into account the following factors: a) the frequency of intersection of social groups of different categories; b) the place where this intersection takes place (for example citywide holidays); c) territorial distribution of spatially segregated groups. Preliminarily assessed the isolation level of different social groups, which also has a urban dimension.

Living with diversity or living with difference? International perspectives on everyday perceptions of the social composition of diverse neighbourhoods

Divercities ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 211-234
Author(s):  
Katrin Großmann ◽  
Georgia Alexandri ◽  
Maria Budnik ◽  
Annegret Haase ◽  
Christian Haid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
International Perspectives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Neighbourhood Change ◽  
National Discourses

This chapter analyses which categories are mobilised by residents to describe the social groups in their area and which normative assessments are attached to those descriptions. This intersectionality approach allows one to see social stratification at work in how inhabitants of diverse neighbourhoods in Leipzig, Paris, and Athens perceive, describe, and judge their social environment. The three cities that are analysed represent different histories of diversification, and all three of them have experienced societal disruptions and change. The residents' own positionality shapes how they categorise other residents and judge their social environment. Moreover, the construction of social groups in diverse neighbourhoods in these cities draws on a variety of rather classic social categories and is influenced by national discourses. Stigmatisation often occurs at the intersections of these categories. Also, neighbourhood change is an important factor in the construction of social groups.

Social Change and the Changing Indian Voter: Consolidation of the BJP in India’s 2019 Lok Sabha Election

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-246
Author(s):  
K. C. Suri
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Electoral Politics ◽  
Shared Values ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
The Social ◽  
Bharatiya Janata Party

This article is about the changing voter in a changing India in the context of India’s Lok Sabha election held in the year 2019. Positing a two-way relationship between social change and electoral politics, this article analyses the sources for the success of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in mobilizing massive support among various Hindu social groups. It examines the claims of the BJP leaders that the 2019 election has breached the barriers of caste and class. It takes the view that the social change over the decades after independence, especially after the 1990s, led to the emergence of a new elite composed of members from different social groups with shared values and social life willing to join hands for political purposes and that led to the massive victory of the BJP in the absence of any other viable alternative.

Real Men Don’t Say “Cute”

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Carpenter ◽  
Daniel Preotiuc-Pietro ◽  
Lucie Flekova ◽  
Salvatore Giorgi ◽  
Courtney Hagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Verbal Expression ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scale Data

People associate certain behaviors with certain social groups. These stereotypical beliefs consist of both accurate and inaccurate associations. Using large-scale, data-driven methods with social media as a context, we isolate stereotypes by using verbal expression. Across four social categories—gender, age, education level, and political orientation—we identify words and phrases that lead people to incorrectly guess the social category of the writer. Although raters often correctly categorize authors, they overestimate the importance of some stereotype-congruent signal. Findings suggest that data-driven approaches might be a valuable and ecologically valid tool for identifying even subtle aspects of stereotypes and highlighting the facets that are exaggerated or misapplied.

Social Search and Personalization Through Demographic Filtering

2011 ◽  
pp. 183-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal Taha ◽  
Ramez Elmasri
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
User Profile ◽  
Search System ◽  
Social Search ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Social ◽  
Efficient Retrieval ◽  
Retrieval Mechanism ◽  
Market Preference

Most existing personalized search systems do not consider group profiling. Group profiling can be an efficient retrieval mechanism, where a user profile is inferred from the profile of the social groups to which the user belongs. The authors propose an XML search system called DemoFilter which employs the concept of group profiling. DemoFilter simplifies the personalization process by pre-defining various categories of social groups and then identifying their preferences. Social groups are characterized based on demographic, ethnic, cultural, religious, age, or other characteristics. DemoFilter can be used for various practical applications, such as Internet or other businesses that market preference-driven products. In the ontology, the preferences of a social group are identified from published studies about the social group. They experimentally evaluate the search effectiveness of DemoFilter and compare it to an existing search engine.

The Social and Political Nature of Spirit

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-92
Author(s):  
Josh Wilburn
Keyword(s):  
Social Influences ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Popular Education ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Social Education ◽  
Value System ◽  
Greek Society ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Material Goods

Chapter 3 explores two aspects of spirit’s social and political nature—its role in the process of absorbing social influences that shape a person’s values, and its responsibility for a person’s emotional reactions to those they consider either part of, or outside of, their social groups or communities—as well as two related problems that arise in corrupt political circumstances. According to Plato’s critique of contemporary Greek society, popular education and politics fail because they reflect a value system informed primarily by human appetite and pleonexia that prioritizes bodily, external, and material goods. When citizens absorb these values through thumos, their resulting moral corruption leads to civic discord as their aggressive spirited desires become directed against one another in their competition for limited appetitive goods. This establishes two challenges for Plato that involve attention to human spirit: making people virtuous through social education and making cities unified and stable.

Users

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Swift
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Horizontal Diameter ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
User Groups

Artefact design is not neutral, but is aimed, whether consciously or not, at different categories of users, as explained in Chapter 1. This chapter will explore design intentions as they relate to different user-groups in more detail, investigating some of the ways artefacts function to construct and maintain social categories, and also how these categories may be resisted or questioned by users. Firstly, we will examine how artefact design relates to the Roman life course, through an exploration of the motifs on finger-rings and the social categories of men, women, and children. Secondly, Roman attitudes to leftand right-handedness may be examined in relation to various items. Thirdly, we will examine some particular types of boxes and their methods of opening, artefacts in which cultural knowledge potentially impacts upon the facility with the objects may be used. In each case, we will consider how the design features may include or exclude certain users and what the implications are for a wider understanding of both Roman social practice, and the role of artefacts in enacting and reproducing social norms and behaviours. Finger-rings, among other personal artefacts, are scaled to a specific part of the body, and through this feature they provide an opportunity to examine how artefacts may have been designed for particular categories of people. Users will need rings with an appropriate diameter that is large enough to fit a particular digit, yet not so large that it risks becoming lost. Finger sizes of course vary according to age and sex, and so provide an opportunity to examine objects designed specifically for women, children, and men. We will focus here on those finger-rings displaying a central motif (usually engraved, although sometimes in relief, or occurring as a modelled form), which exist in large numbers. Most are oval in shape, and they are found in a wide range of sizes, from 9 to 27mm in inner horizontal diameter. Many are gem-set rings, and the gem iconography that they display was remarkably consistent across the Roman Empire, consisting of a range of popular themes such as the principal deities and/or their attributes, personifications, mythological scenes, animals, portraits, and objects.

scholarly journals Rapport Management in Online Racial Humor

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Taghreed Abdulasalam ◽  
Istqlal Hassan Ja’afar
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Rapport Management ◽  
The Social ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
Technological Affordances ◽  
Sensitive Issues ◽  
Interpersonal Level ◽  
Different Levels

The present paper aims to investigate how racial humor, posted on Twitter affects rapport between interlocutors at both the interpersonal and intercommoned levels. Thus, the main problem this thesis attempt to address is English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) users' potential lack of awareness of the racially sensitive issues and how to deal with them in (online) intercultural communication. The paper aims to advance the understanding as to how the social and technological affordances of the medium (Herring, 2007) can shape the contexts in which racial humor is morally perceived and attitudinally assessed (in terms of politeness and impoliteness) by the audience on Twitter. After in-depth reading and a systematic coding process, a dataset totaling (312) racial jokes and (956) responses from various users, racial jokes circulated online were found to orient rapport either towards challenge or enhancement. These two rapport orientations were found to be (im)politeness-implicative on two different levels; the interpersonal level between the account administrator and his/her followers, and the societal level between social groups targeted by racial humor and the dominant social group in the society.

Figuring the Group

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth DeMarrais
Keyword(s):  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Group Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Collective Experience

This article focuses on the social group, asking how approaches to the representation of the group (in forms such as rock-art, images painted on pottery and three-dimensional caches of figurines) can help us understand the nature of collective experience in the past. Current research has concentrated on individuals (and their experiences) in past societies, while group dynamics have been neglected. Attention should be re-directed to the wide range of emotional experiences that we know affected individuals, particularly as part of their interactions with others, during rituals and other collective events in the past. Investigation of figurative representations over a sustained period provides one means of reconstructing the repetitive, stereotyped emotions, local rules, ‘non-rational’ propensities, moral sentiments, and shared emotions that shaped group life in past societies.

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