scholarly journals "Introduction: Debating Corruption and Anticorruption in History, "in Anticorruption in History: Antiquity to the Modern Era (Oxford University Press, 2017), 1-17

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.B.R. Kroeze ◽  
André Miguel de Cunha Vitória ◽  
Guy Geltner
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
The World ◽  
Good Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era

The introduction to this volume focuses on historiography, methodology and conclusions. It explains how anticorruption has seldom been treated as a historical subject except as the occasional counterpart of corruption; instead, policy makers and social scientists have linked anticorruption and good government to the historical development of democracy and Weberian-style bureaucracy, all emblematic aspects of countries consistently ranked among the least corrupt in the world. This hypothesis has struck most historians involved in this volume as either circular or at least teleological. In response, they have sought to show that efforts to control corruption are not an exclusively Western-European or modern phenomenon; rather, the history of anticorruption is far more complex and diverse. In addition, they also outline how anticorruption is an inherently political issue, related to changing power relations and acute political crises, and that fighting corruption is historically difficult to evaluate in terms of success or failure.

scholarly journals Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Kroeze ◽  
André Vitória ◽  
G. Geltner
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
The World ◽  
Good Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western European

The introduction to this volume focuses on historiography, methodology and conclusions. It explains how anticorruption has seldom been treated as a historical subject except as the occasional counterpart of corruption; instead, policy makers and social scientists have linked anticorruption and good government to the historical development of democracy and Weberian-style bureaucracy, all emblematic aspects of countries consistently ranked among the least corrupt in the world. This hypothesis has struck most historians involved in this volume as either circular or at least teleological. In response, they have sought to show that efforts to control corruption are not an exclusively Western-European or modern phenomenon; rather, the history of anticorruption is far more complex and diverse. In addition, they also outline how anticorruption is an inherently political issue, related to changing power relations and acute political crises, and that fighting corruption is historically difficult to evaluate in terms of success or failure.

Some Evaluations

1970 ◽  
pp. 129-146
Author(s):  
Francis E. Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Personal Attitude ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Personal Philosophy

This chapter evaluates two aspects of Peirce's thought: his Greek insistence on the primacy of theoretical knowledge, and his almost Teilhardian synthesis of evolutionary themes. It reflects the author's own personal attitude toward both of these topics in Peirce, which is one of endorsement, though some criticisms are also offered. Concerning the first aspect, Peirce was not only an outstanding philosopher but also a man well acquainted with the history of philosophy. His knowledge of history, going back to Plato, Aristotle, and other Greeks, contributed to the formation of his own personal philosophy. One obvious Greek attitude that he made his own was the dedication to theoretical knowledge. On the second topic, the chapter argues that Peirce understood evolution as one of the chief characteristics of the world. It is not restricted to the biological sphere, but extends to the whole cosmos and to the historical development of science. In proposing this synthetic, post-Darwinian view of evolution, Peirce was decades ahead of his time.

The history of neurosurgery

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Henry Marsh ◽  
Eleni Marts
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
History Of Surgery ◽  
Localization Theory ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of Neurosurgery ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cerebral Localization ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Brain

The history of neurosurgery falls naturally into the premodern era, where it is essentially the history of surgery to the skull and of head injuries, and the modern era, where it is the history of surgery to the brain itself, made possible by cerebral localization theory, antisepsis, and anaesthesia, all of which developed in the nineteenth century. The first known neurosurgical procedures were skull trephines, seemingly carried out on both the living and the dead. It is unclear whether these were performed for therapeutic or ritualistic reasons. There are many trepanned skulls dating back thousands of years to the Neolithic era, and perhaps to even earlier, from sites all over the world.

The Necessity of Historicism

1961 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 560-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Tinder
Keyword(s):  
General View ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
End Of History ◽  
American Students ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The End Of History ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Living Person

American students of society and politics for the most part view “historicism”—the ascription to history of an overall direction and goal—with attitudes ranging from skepticism to overt hostility. In the general view, no valid propositions can be framed concerning matters so shrouded in darkness as the course and the end of history. Indeed it may well be asked, when we use such terms, whether we are referring to realities or merely to inventions of the imagination. Historicist theories are also said to tend to undermine concern for the individual; the needs of the present, living person are likely to shrink into apparent insignificance before the imagined events of a future age. On the part of those who in recent years have seen the bloody trails left by pretended ministers of historical missions, such misgivings are understandable.Are social scientists and political thinkers at liberty, however, dogmatically to reject historicism? It is the purpose of this article to argue that they are not. For if history is without meaning, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that social and political affairs, which make up a large part of what we treat as history, are also without meaning. Why then should one study, or take part in, these affairs? What is at stake, in the last analysis, is our right—or duty—to regard the world we inhabit, not merely as alien material to be used or ignored as we please, but as a realm of being with which we are fundamentally united and in which, consequently, we are properly participants.

scholarly journals BETWEEN WORLD HISTORY AND STATE FORMATION: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON AFRICA'S CITIES

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURENT FOURCHARD
Keyword(s):  
Urban Studies ◽  
World History ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
City State

ABSTRACTThe dramatic urban change taking place on the African continent has led to a renewed and controversial interest in Africa's cities within several academic and expert circles. Attempts to align a growing but fragmented body of research on Africa's urban past with more general trends in urban studies have been few but have nevertheless opened up new analytical possibilities. This article argues that to move beyond the traps of localism and unhelpful categorizations that have dominated aspects of urban history and the urban studies literature of the continent, historians should explore African urban dynamics in relation to world history and the history of the state in order to contribute to larger debates between social scientists and urban theorists. By considering how global socio-historical processes articulate with the everyday lives of urban dwellers and how city-state relationships are structured by ambivalence, this article will illustrate how historians can participate in those debates in ways that demonstrate that history matters, but not in a linear way. These illustrations will also suggest why it is necessary for historians to contest interpretations of Africa's cities that construe them as ontologically different from other cities of the world.

Investor-State Arbitration: Proportionality's New Frontier

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec Stone Sweet
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Crucial Point ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
The World ◽  
New Institutions

The arbitral world is at a crucial point in its historical development, poised between two conflicting conceptions of its nature, purpose, and political legitimacy. Formally, the arbitrator is an agent of the contracting parties in dispute, a creature of a discrete contract gone wrong. Yet, increasingly, arbitrators are treated as agents of a larger global community, and arbitration houses concern themselves with the general and prospective impact of important awards. In this paper, I address these questions, first, from the standpoint of delegation theory. In Part I, I introduce the basic “Principal-Agent" framework [P-A] used by social scientists to explain why actors create new institutions, and then briefly discuss how P-A has been applied to the study of courts. Part II uses delegation theory to frame discussion of arbitration as a mode of governance for transnational business and investment. In Part III, I argue that the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is presently in the throes of judicialization, indicators of which include the enhanced use of precedent-based argumentation and justification, the acceptance of third-party briefs, and a flirtation with proportionality balancing. Part IV focuses on the first wave of awards rendered by ICSID tribunals pursuant to Argentina's response to the crushing economic crisis of 2000-02, wherein proportionality emerged, adapted from the jurisprudence of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document