Faculty Opinions recommendation of Evidence for landscape-level, pollen-mediated gene flow from genetically modified creeping bentgrass with CP4 EPSPS as a marker.

The family of enzymes 5-enolpiruvil shikimato-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) is found in plants and microorganisms. The substrates of this enzyme are phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and 3-phospho-shikimate and their products are phosphate and 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate that is the biological target of the herbicide glyphosate, which is used in genetically modified crops. The interaction between cultivated genetically modified plants (GMP) and wild plant species could be a transference source of transgenes. Presence of transgenes could be cause and adverse environmental impact on non-target organisms. Gossypium hirsutum genotype Bollgard II® is a GMP with tolerance to herbicide glyphosate and it has been cultivated during 20 years in Mexico and the possibility to gene flow primary in congeners of the Malvaceae family is possible. The objective of this study was to quantify and identify weed species associated to genetically modified cotton fields and to detect the present of glyphosate-insensitive EPSP synthases (CP4 EPSPS) in these species. The results showed that plants of the families Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae, Portulacaceae, Solanaceae and Zygophyllaceae are present in the study site. Twenty-five weed species belonging to these botanical families were collected and identified in the site. From these, two species of the Malvaceae family with potential risk of gene flow plants, Anoda cristata and Sida hederacea were identified in the site; however, the CP4 EPSPS protein was not detected in none of the collected weed species and only the GM genotype Bollgard II® was positive to the CP4 EPSPS protein in the study site.

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Pollen-mediated gene flow from transgenic perennial creeping bentgrass and hybridization at the landscape level

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0173308 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. e0173308 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

María Luz Zapiola ◽

Carol Ann Mallory-Smith

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Landscape Level

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Safety verification of genetically modified rice morphology, hereditary nature, and quality

Environmental Sciences Europe ◽

10.1186/s12302-021-00516-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dong Won Jeon ◽

Jae-Ryoung Park ◽

Yoon-Hee Jang ◽

Eun-Gyeong Kim ◽

Taehun Ryu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Gene Flow ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Genetically Modified ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Future Climate Change ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Drought Tolerant ◽

Gm Plants ◽

Gm Rice

Abstract Background The drought environment occurs frequently due to the unpredictable future climate change, and drought has a direct negative impact on crops, such as yield reduction. Drought events are random, frequent, and persistent. Molecular breeding can be used to create drought-tolerant food crops, but the safety of genetically modified (GM) plants must be demonstrated before they can be adopted. In this research, the environmental risk of drought-tolerant GM rice was explored by assessing phenotype and gene flow. Drought resistance genes CaMsrB2 inserted HV8 and HV23 were used as GM rice to analyze the possibility of various agricultural traits and gene flow along with non-GM rice. Results When the traits 1000-grain weight, grain length/width, and yield, were compared with GM rice and non-GM rice, all agricultural traits of GM rice and non-GM rice were the same. In addition, when the germination rate, viviparous germination rate, pulling strength, and bending strength were compared to analyze the possibility of weediness, all characteristic values of GM rice and non-GM rice were the same. Protein, amylose, and moisture, the major nutritional elements of rice, were also the same. Conclusions The results of this research are that GM rice and non-GM rice were the same in all major agricultural traits except for the newly assigned characteristics, and no gene mobility occurred. Therefore, GM rice can be used as a means to solve the food problem in response to the unpredictable era of climate change in the future.

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Long distance pollen-mediated gene flow at a landscape level: the weed beet as a case study

Molecular Ecology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03448.x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 16 (18) ◽

pp. 3801-3813 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

STÉPHANE FÉNART ◽

FRÉDÉRIC AUSTERLITZ ◽

JOËL CUGUEN ◽

JEAN-FRANÇOIS ARNAUD

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Long Distance ◽

Landscape Level

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Gene Flow and Risk Assessment in Genetically Modified Crops

Alien Gene Transfer in Crop Plants, Volume 1 ◽

10.1007/978-1-4614-8585-8_10 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 247-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Stephen F. Chandler ◽

Trevor W. Stevenson

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Gene Flow ◽

Genetically Modified ◽

Genetically Modified Crops

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Transfer of resistance alleles from herbicide-resistant to susceptible grass weeds via pollen-mediated gene flow

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2021.82 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-51

Author(s):

Amit J. Jhala ◽

Hugh J. Beckie ◽

Carol Mallory-Smith ◽

Marie Jasieniuk ◽

Roberto Busi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Agricultural Landscapes ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Weed Species ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

Wild Oats ◽

Rigid Ryegrass ◽

Grass Weed

Abstract The objective of this paper was to review the reproductive biology, herbicide-resistant (HR) biotypes, pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF), and potential for transfer of alleles from HR to susceptible grass weeds including barnyardgrass, creeping bentgrass, Italian ryegrass, johnsongrass, rigid (annual) ryegrass, and wild oats. The widespread occurrence of HR grass weeds is at least partly due to PMGF, particularly in obligate outcrossing species such as rigid ryegrass. Creeping bentgrass, a wind-pollinated turfgrass species, can efficiently disseminate herbicide resistance alleles via PMGF and movement of seeds and stolons. The genus Agrostis contains about 200 species, many of which are sexually compatible and produce naturally occurring hybrids as well as producing hybrids with species in the genus Polypogon. The self-incompatibility, extremely high outcrossing rate, and wind pollination in Italian ryegrass clearly point to PMGF as a major mechanism by which herbicide resistance alleles can spread across agricultural landscapes, resulting in abundant genetic variation within populations and low genetic differentiation among populations. Italian ryegrass can readily hybridize with perennial ryegrass and rigid ryegrass due to their similarity in chromosome numbers (2n=14), resulting in interspecific gene exchange. Johnsongrass, barnyardgrass, and wild oats are self-pollinated species, so the potential for PMGF is relatively low and limited to short distances; however, seeds can easily shatter upon maturity before crop harvest, leading to wider dispersal. The occurrence of PMGF in reviewed grass weed species, even at a low rate is greater than that of spontaneous mutations conferring herbicide resistance in weeds and thus can contribute to the spread of herbicide resistance alleles. This review indicates that the transfer of herbicide resistance alleles occurs under field conditions at varying levels depending on the grass weed species.

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Modeling gene flow from genetically modified plants.

10.1079/9781789247480.0007 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 103-117

Author(s):

Wei Wei ◽

Jun-Ming Wang ◽

Xiang-Cheng Mi ◽

Yan-Da Li ◽

Yan-Ming Zhu

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Genetically Modified ◽

Predictive Ability ◽

Crop Wild Relatives ◽

Gm Crops ◽

Wild Plants ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Flow Models ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

Gm Plants

Abstract Gene flow from genetically modified (GM) plants is concerning because of its ecological risks. In modeling studies, these risks may be reduced by altering crop management while taking environmental conditions into account. Gene flow modeling should consider many field aspects, both biological and physical. For example, empirical statistical models deduced from experimental data simulate gene flow well only under limited conditions (similar to experimental conditions). Mechanistic models, however, offer a potentially greater predictive ability. Gene flow models from GM crops to non-GM crops are used to simulate field conditions and minimize the adventitious presence of transgenes to meet certain threshold levels. These models can be adapted to simulate gene flow from GM crops to crop wild relatives using parameters of sexual compatibility and growth characteristics of the wild plants. Currently, modeling gene flow from herbicide-resistant weeds has become very important in light of the increased application of herbicides and widely evolved resistance in weeds.

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