Faculty Opinions recommendation of Regulatory iNKT cells lack expression of the transcription factor PLZF and control the homeostasis of T(reg) cells and macrophages in adipose tissue.

AbstractThis exploratory retrospective study aims to investigate the thermal changes in the thyroid gland region of patients with hypothyroidism and fibromyalgia by analyzing the temperature of the brown adipose tissue (BAT). A total of 166 individuals from 1000 thermographic electronic medical records were classified into four groups: Group HP + FM-50 individuals with hypothyroidism and fibromyalgia; Group FM-56 individuals with fibromyalgia only; Group HP-30 individuals with hypothyroidism only, and Group Control-30 healthy individuals. The thermal images from the electronic medical records were acquired by a FLIR T650SC infrared camera (used for thermometry) and the temperature data for each group were statistically analyzed. Group HP + FM showed r = 0, meaning that the average temperatures of the thyroid and BAT are independent of each other. Groups FM, HP and Control showed r = 1, meaning that the average temperatures of the thyroid and BAT were directly related. Our findings showed that the average temperatures of the thyroid and BAT regions are similar. Also, there was no correlation between thyroid gland temperature and the presence of hypothyroidism or fibromyalgia using thermometry.

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Effects of cold acclimation on lipid metabolism in adipose tissue

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1961.200.4.847 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 200 (4) ◽

pp. 847-850 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Judith K. Patkin ◽

E. J. Masoro

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Cold Acclimation ◽

Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Synthetic Capacity ◽

And Control ◽

Long Chain ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

Cold acclimation is known to alter hepatic lipid metabolism. Liver slices from cold-acclimated rats have a greatly depressed capacity to synthesize long-chain fatty acids from acctate-1-C14. Since adipose tissue is the major site of lipogenic activity in the intact animal, its fatty acid synthetic capacity was studied. In contrast to the liver, it was found that adipose tissue from the cold-acclimated rat synthesized three to six times as much long-chain fatty acids per milligram of tissue protein as the adipose tissue from the control rat living at 25°C. Evidence is presented indicating that adipose tissue from cold-acclimated and control rats esterify long-chain fatty acids at the same rate. The ability of adipose tissue to oxidize palmitic acid to CO2 was found to be unaltered by cold acclimation. The fate of the large amount of fatty acid synthesized in the adipose tissue of cold-acclimated rats is discussed.

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Epicardial Adipose Tissue as a Source of Nuclear Factor-κB and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Mediated Inflammation in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2007-2579 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 94 (1) ◽

pp. 261-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

A. R. Baker ◽

A. L. Harte ◽

N. Howell ◽

D. C. Pritlove ◽

A. M. Ranasinghe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Coronary Artery Disease ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Nuclear Factor Κb ◽

Nuclear Factor ◽

Toll Like Receptor ◽

Inflammatory Profile ◽

Artery Disease ◽

And Control

Abstract Context: Visceral adipose tissue (AT) is known to confer a significantly higher risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Epicardial AT has been shown to be related to cardiovascular disease and myocardial function through unidentified mechanisms. Epicardial AT expresses an inflammatory profile of proteins; however, the mechanisms responsible are yet to be elucidated. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to: 1) examine key mediators of the nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways in paired epicardial and gluteofemoral (thigh) AT from coronary artery disease (CAD) and control patients and 2) investigate circulating endotoxin levels in CAD and control subjects. Design: Serums and AT biopsies (epicardial and thigh) were obtained from CAD (n = 16) and non-CAD (n = 18) patients. Inflammation was assessed in tissue and serum samples through Western blot, real-time PCR, ELISAs, and activity studies. Results: Western blotting showed epicardial AT had significantly higher NFκB, inhibitory-κB kinase (IKK)-γ, IKKβ, and JNK-1 and -2 compared with thigh AT. Epicardial mRNA data showed strong correlations between CD-68 and toll-like receptor-2, toll-like receptor-4, and TNF-α. Circulating endotoxin was elevated in patients with CAD compared with matched controls [CAD: 6.80 ± 0.28 endotoxin unit(EU)/ml vs. controls: 5.52 ± 0.57 EU/ml; P<0.05]. Conclusion: Epicardial AT from patients with CAD shows increased NFκB, IKKβ, and JNK expression compared with both CAD thigh AT and non-CAD epicardial AT, suggesting a depot-specific as well as a disease-linked response to inflammation. These studies implicate both NFκB and JNK pathways in the inflammatory profile of epicardial AT and highlight the role of the macrophage in the inflammation within this tissue.

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The effect of a synbiotic on blood biochemistry and concentrations of leptin, ghrelin and their receptors in prepubertal rats consuming a diet containing excessive fat

ZHurnal «Patologicheskaia fiziologiia i eksperimental`naia terapiia» ◽

10.25557/0031-2991.2019.04.64-71 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 64-71

Author(s):

Г.А. Дроздова ◽

О.И. Линецкая ◽

Е.А. Нургалеева ◽

Э.И. Эткина ◽

Э.Ф. Аглетдинов

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Serum Level ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽

Ghrelin Receptor ◽

Leptin Receptors ◽

Fat Consumption ◽

Excessive Consumption ◽

Ghrelin Receptors ◽

And Control

Цель работы - изучить возможности патогенетической коррекции синбиотиком метаболических нарушений, вызванных чрезмерным потреблением жиров и оценить уровень лептина, грелина и их рецепторов. Методика. В работе использовалось второе поколение лабораторных крыс линии Вистар препубертатного возраста, находившихся на диете с избыточным содержанием жиров (51% от общего рациона). В возрасте 5 нед. в рацион экспериментальной подгруппы включали синбиотик, по достижению 7-недельного возраста животных выводили из эксперимента декапитацией с последующим забором материала для бактериологических, биохимических и иммуноферментных исследований. Результаты. Показано, что избыточное потребление жиров способствует росту условно-патогенной микробиоты, снижению содержания лакто- и бифидобактерий в толстом кишечнике и развитию дислипидемии. Наблюдается статистически значимое повышение уровня лептина в сыворотке крови на 49,9 %. В жировой ткани отмечено увеличение количества рецепторов к лептину ( в два раза) и грелину (на 28,2%). После коррекции синбиотиком положительная динамика отмечалась со стороны микробиоты, липидного профиля, снижался уровень лептина в сыворотке крови и рецепторов к грелину в жировой ткани. Заключение: синбиотик способствует нормализации микробиоты желудочно-кишечного тракта, липидного профиля и уровня пептидных гормонов, ответственных за чувство голода и насыщения. The aim of the study was to evaluate a possibility of using synbiotics for pathogenetic correction of metabolic disorders induced by excessive consumption of fat and to measure levels of leptin, ghrelin, and their receptors. Methods. Experiments were conducted on the second generation of prepubertal Wistar rats consuming a diet with excessive fat (51% of diet). A synbiotic was included into the diet of a rat group aged 5 weeks. At age of 7 weeks, animals of the experimental and control groups were decapitated and samples were taken for bacteriological, biochemical, and enzyme immunoassay studies. Results. Excessive fat consumption resulted in growth of conditionally pathogenic microbiota, decreased levels of lacto- and bifidobacteria in the large intestine and feces, and development of dyslipidemia. Also, serum level of leptin was increased by 49.9%, ghrelin receptor density in adipose tissue was increased by 28.2%, and leptin receptors density in adipose tissue was increased twofold. The synbiotic treatment resulted in beneficial changes of the microbiota and lipid profile; serum level of leptin and ghrelin receptors density in adipose tissue decreased. Conclusion: The synbiotic drug normalized the gastrointestinal microbiota, lipid profile, and peptide hormones responsible for feelings of hunger and satiety.

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Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in Liver and Adipose Tissues as Postmortem Markers for Ethanol Intake

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/47.4.722 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 722-725 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Raneem O Salem ◽

Majed A Refaai ◽

Joanne E Cluette-Brown ◽

Joshua W Russo ◽

Michael Laposata

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Normal Saline ◽

Ethanol Intake ◽

Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters ◽

Ethyl Esters ◽

Ethanol Ingestion ◽

Adipose Tissues ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

And Control

Abstract Background: Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) are nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol. FAEEs are found in liver, pancreas, and adipose tissues up to 24 h after consumption of ethanol, and on that basis, they are potentially useful markers for ethanol intake. In this study with rats, we investigated the efficacy of using FAEEs in liver and in adipose tissue as postmortem markers for premortem ethanol ingestion. Methods: An animal study was conducted in which test rats received injections of ethanol and control rats received injections of normal saline. The rats were killed 2 h after the injections. The bodies of the animals were stored at 4 °C up to 12 h, and samples of liver and adipose tissues were collected at different time intervals and processed for FAEE quantification. In another set of experiments, the rats received injections and were killed as described above, but bodies of animals from both groups were stored at 4, 25, or 37 °C for up to 72 h, and liver samples were collected and processed for FAEE quantification. Results: FAEEs were detected up to 12 h after death in liver and adipose tissue samples from the bodies of ethanol-treated animals stored at 4 °C; negligible amounts were detected in the bodies of animals that received normal saline. Adipose tissues contained higher amounts of FAEEs than liver, as well as more species: eight FAEE species in adipose tissue and five in liver tissue. Higher concentrations of FAEEs were detected in livers of treated animals stored at 25 °C for up to 48 h than in livers of controls stored under the same conditions. Conclusions: For at least 12 h after death, FAEEs in liver and adipose tissues are useful postmortem markers of premortem ethanol ingestion.

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Adipose Stem Cells from Lipedema and Control Adipose Tissue Respond Differently to Adipogenic Stimulation In Vitro

Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery ◽

10.1097/prs.0000000000005918 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 144 (3) ◽

pp. 623-632 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Anna-Theresa Bauer ◽

Dominik von Lukowicz ◽

Katrin Lossagk ◽

Ursula Hopfner ◽

Manuela Kirsch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Adipose Stem Cells ◽

And Control

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Synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol by liver, adipose tissue and intestinal mucosa from obese and control patients

European Journal of Clinical Investigation ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2362.1979.tb00896.x ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 355-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

A. ANGEL ◽

G. A. BRAY

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Intestinal Mucosa ◽

And Control

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Metabolomics analysis of plasma and adipose tissue samples from mice orally administered with polydextrose and correlations with cecal microbiota

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-78484-y ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Markku Tapani Saarinen ◽

Olli Kärkkäinen ◽

Kati Hanhineva ◽

Kirsti Tiihonen ◽

Ashley Hibberd ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Bile Acid ◽

Glycine Betaine ◽

Epididymal Adipose Tissue ◽

Soluble Dietary Fiber ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Glucose Polymer ◽

Tryptophan Metabolite ◽

One Carbon Metabolism ◽

And Control

AbstractPolydextrose (PDX) is a branched glucose polymer, utilized as a soluble dietary fiber. Recently, PDX was found to have hypolipidemic effects and effects on the gut microbiota. To investigate these findings more closely, a non-targeted metabolomics approach, was exploited to determine metabolic alterations in blood and epididymal adipose tissue samples that were collected from C57BL/6 mice fed with a Western diet, with or without oral administration of PDX. Metabolomic analyses revealed significant differences between PDX- and control mice, which could be due to differences in diet or due to altered microbial metabolism in the gut. Some metabolites were found in both plasma and adipose tissue, such as the bile acid derivative deoxycholic acid and the microbiome-derived tryptophan metabolite indoxyl sulfate, both of which increased by PDX. Additionally, PDX increased the levels of glycine betaine and l-carnitine in plasma samples, which correlated negatively with plasma TG and positively correlated with bacterial genera enriched in PDX mice. The results demonstrated that PDX caused differential metabolite patterns in blood and adipose tissues and that one-carbon metabolism, associated with glycine betaine and l-carnitine, and bile acid and tryptophan metabolism are associated with the hypolipidemic effects observed in mice that were given PDX.

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Extension of Survival in Bilaterally Adrenalectomized Mice by Implantation of SF-1/Ad4BP-Induced Steroidogenic Cells

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/endocr/bqaa007 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 161 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Tomoko Tanaka ◽

Chikao Aoyagi ◽

Kuniaki Mukai ◽

Koshiro Nishimoto ◽

Shohta Kodama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Corticosterone Level ◽

Plasma Corticosterone ◽

Loading Test ◽

Steroidogenic Factor 1 ◽

Basal Plasma ◽

Steroidogenic Cells ◽

And Control ◽

Cell Transplantation Therapy ◽

Transplantation Therapy

Abstract Mesenchymal stroma/stem cells (MSCs) exist in adult tissues, such as adipose tissue and bone marrow, and differentiate into cells of multiple lineages. In previous studies, we found that MSCs differentiate into steroidogenic cells by forced expression of steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1)/adrenal 4 binding protein (Ad4BP), the master regulator of steroidogenesis and differentiation of pituitary gonadotrophs, adrenal glands, and gonads. In this study, SF-1/Ad4BP-induced steroidogenic cells derived from mouse adipose tissue–derived MSCs (ADSCs) were implanted under the kidney capsule of bilateral adrenalectomized (bAdx) mice. bAdx mice did not survive after 7 days. However, 4 of 9 bAdx mice implanted with SF-1/Ad4BP-induced steroidogenic cells, 1 of 10 bAdx mice transplanted with control ADSCs, and bAdx mice transplanted with an adrenal gland survived for 30 days. Plasma corticosterone levels in bAdx mice implanted with SF-1/Ad4BP-induced steroidogenic cells and control ADSCs were 5.41 ± 2.26 ng/mL (mean ± SEM) and undetectable at 7 days after implantation, respectively. After removal of the kidney bearing the graft from the surviving mice at 30 days after implantation, plasma corticosterone was not detected in any of the samples. Immunohistochemical staining revealed SF-1/Ad4BP-positive cells under the capsule of the kidney. Although we performed an adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) loading test on bAdx mice implanted with SF-1/Ad4BP-induced steroidogenic cells, ACTH responsiveness was not observed. Implantation of steroidogenic cells derived from ADSCs into bAdx mice increased the basal plasma corticosterone level and extended the survival of bAdx mice, suggesting the capability of restoring steroidogenic cells by cell transplantation therapy for adrenal insufficiency.

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