Faculty Opinions recommendation of Tissue-specific CTCF-cohesin-mediated chromatin architecture delimits enhancer interactions and function in vivo.

Systematic analysis of several tissue extracts for peptide components followed by bioactivity studies leads to formulation of the concept of "tissue-specific peptide pools". According to that concept the endogenous proteolysis of proteins with well-established functions, such as hemoglobin, actin, and cellular enzymes in tissues leads to formation of the sets (or pools) of bioactive peptides. The sets are tissue-specific on one hand and conservative in a given tissue at normal conditions on the other. The content and the composition of pool components are sensitive both to pathologies linked with alterations of tissue metabolism and to prolonged physiological changes. In vivo formation of fragments of functional proteins includes several consecutive proteolytic stages inside the cells and further release of bioactive compounds into the surrounding medium. The effects of pool components take place predominantly at tissue and cellular levels, their effects being related to stimulation or inhibition of cell growth, induction of cell differentiation, and death. The above-mentioned features lead to the proposal that the main in vivo function of components of tissue-specific peptides is maintenance of tissue homeostasis, i.e., the normal ratio of functional, dividing, differentiating, and dying cells of tissues. Components of tissue-specific peptide pools display several features distinguishing them from "classical" peptide hormones and neuromediators. Summarizing, a novel peptidergic regulatory system is considered.

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Assessment of tissue‐specific changes in structure and function induced by in vivo skin/skull optical clearing techniques

Lasers in Surgery and Medicine ◽

10.1002/lsm.23489 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chao Zhang ◽

Wei Feng

Keyword(s):

Structure And Function ◽

Tissue Specific ◽

Optical Clearing ◽

And Function

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Tissue-specific regulation and function of Grb10 during growth and neuronal commitment

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1411254111 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 112 (22) ◽

pp. 6841-6847 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Robert N. Plasschaert ◽

Marisa S. Bartolomei

Keyword(s):

Motor Neurons ◽

Cellular Proliferation ◽

Neuronal Development ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Tissue Specific ◽

Specific Regulation ◽

And Function

Growth-factor receptor bound protein 10 (Grb10) is a signal adapter protein encoded by an imprinted gene that has roles in growth control, cellular proliferation, and insulin signaling. Additionally, Grb10 is critical for the normal behavior of the adult mouse. These functions are paralleled by Grb10’s unique tissue-specific imprinted expression; the paternal copy of Grb10 is expressed in a subset of neurons whereas the maternal copy is expressed in most other adult tissues in the mouse. The mechanism that underlies this switch between maternal and paternal expression is still unclear, as is the role for paternally expressed Grb10 in neurons. Here, we review recent work and present complementary data that contribute to the understanding of Grb10 gene regulation and function, with specific emphasis on growth and neuronal development. Additionally, we show that in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into alpha motor neurons recapitulates the switch from maternal to paternal expression observed during neuronal development in vivo. We postulate that this switch in allele-specific expression is related to the functional role of Grb10 in motor neurons and other neuronal tissues.

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Comparative Analysis of the Influence of Extracellular Matrix Biomimetics on the Viability and Insulin-Producing Function of Isolated Pancreatic Islets

Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research ◽

10.33140/igebr.03.02.02 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Pancreatic Islets ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Human Pancreas ◽

Isolated Pancreatic Islets ◽

Tissue Specific ◽

And Function ◽

Morphofunctional Analysis

The creation of a pancreas tissue-engineered construct based on isolated pancreatic islets is hindered by problems associated with maintaining their viability and insulin-producing function. Both biopolymer and tissue-specific scaffolds can contribute to the maintenance of the structure and function of pancreatic islets in vitro and in vivo. A comparative morphofunctional analysis in vitro of isolated pancreatic islets cultured with a biopolymer collagen-containing scaffold and a tissue-specific scaffold obtained as a result of pancreatic decellularization was performed. The results showed that the use of the scaffolds contributes not only to the maintenance of the cultured islets viability, but also to the prolongation of their insulin-producing functions, compared to the islets monoculture in vitro. A significant increase was found in basal and stimulated (under glucose loading) insulin secreted by the islets cultured with the scaffolds. At the same time, the advantage of using a tissue-specific scaffold in comparison with a biopolymer collagen-containing scaffold was shown. We think that these studies will become a platform for creating a human pancreas tissue-engineered design for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.

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Osseointegration interface of calcified bone and endosseous implants

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100130110 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1096-1097

Author(s):

K.E. Krizan ◽

J.E. Laffoon ◽

M.J. Buckley

Keyword(s):

Structure And Function ◽

Titanium Implants ◽

En Bloc ◽

Endosseous Implants ◽

Ultrastructural Studies ◽

The Past ◽

Cacodylate Buffer ◽

One Year ◽

And Function

With increase use of tissue-integrated prostheses in recent years it is a goal to understand what is happening at the interface between haversion bone and bulk metal. This study uses electron microscopy (EM) techniques to establish parameters for osseointegration (structure and function between bone and nonload-carrying implants) in an animal model. In the past the interface has been evaluated extensively with light microscopy methods. Today researchers are using the EM for ultrastructural studies of the bone tissue and implant responses to an in vivo environment. Under general anesthesia nine adult mongrel dogs received three Brånemark (Nobelpharma) 3.75 × 7 mm titanium implants surgical placed in their left zygomatic arch. After a one year healing period the animals were injected with a routine bone marker (oxytetracycline), euthanized and perfused via aortic cannulation with 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer pH 7.2. Implants were retrieved en bloc, harvest radiographs made (Fig. 1), and routinely embedded in plastic. Tissue and implants were cut into 300 micron thick wafers, longitudinally to the implant with an Isomet saw and diamond wafering blade [Beuhler] until the center of the implant was reached.

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Functional characterization of human brown adipose tissue metabolism

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bcj20190464 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 477 (7) ◽

pp. 1261-1286 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marie Anne Richard ◽

Hannah Pallubinsky ◽

Denis P. Blondin

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Brown Adipose Tissue ◽

Functional Characterization ◽

Human Infants ◽

Positron Emission ◽

Brown Adipose ◽

Treatment Of Obesity ◽

And Function

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has long been described according to its histological features as a multilocular, lipid-containing tissue, light brown in color, that is also responsive to the cold and found especially in hibernating mammals and human infants. Its presence in both hibernators and human infants, combined with its function as a heat-generating organ, raised many questions about its role in humans. Early characterizations of the tissue in humans focused on its progressive atrophy with age and its apparent importance for cold-exposed workers. However, the use of positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose tracer [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) made it possible to begin characterizing the possible function of BAT in adult humans, and whether it could play a role in the prevention or treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review focuses on the in vivo functional characterization of human BAT, the methodological approaches applied to examine these features and addresses critical gaps that remain in moving the field forward. Specifically, we describe the anatomical and biomolecular features of human BAT, the modalities and applications of non-invasive tools such as PET and magnetic resonance imaging coupled with spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) to study BAT morphology and function in vivo, and finally describe the functional characteristics of human BAT that have only been possible through the development and application of such tools.

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