Faculty Opinions recommendation of Very low nicotine content cigarettes disrupt the feedback loop of affective states and smoking behavior.

Abstract Introduction Smoking to reduce negative affect has been identified as a key motivational feature of tobacco use. Our recent work suggests that smoking very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes reduces the relationship between negative affect and smoking behavior over a 6-week period. Here, we sought to extend our findings by evaluating whether a gradual or immediate approach to switching to VLNC cigarettes led to a differential reduction in the relationship between affect and smoking behavior over a longer (20-week) period. Aims and Methods Participants (n = 1250) were adult smokers from 10 US sites randomized to one of three groups: gradual nicotine reduction (15.5, 11.7, 5.2, 2.4, and 0.4 mg of nicotine per gram of tobacco [mg/g]), immediate nicotine reduction (0.4 mg/g), or standard nicotine content cigarettes (15.5 mg/g; control), for 20 weeks. We examined whether the relationship between affect—both negative and positive—and cigarettes per day differed as a function of reduction group. Results We found that both negative and positive affect were associated with cigarette consumption in the control group, but not in the gradual or immediate reduction groups across the 20 weeks of exposure. Conclusions Our results extend previous findings that switching to VLNC cigarettes disrupts the relationship between affect and cigarette consumption by showing that either gradually or immediately reducing cigarette nicotine content achieves this disruption. These findings provide further evidence that switching to VLNC cigarettes reduces nicotine-related reinforcement of cigarette smoking. Implications These findings support the notion that switching to very low nicotine content cigarettes reduces the association between affect and smoking behavior, and that either a gradual or immediate nicotine reduction approach achieves this reduction. This provides further evidence that switching to very low nicotine content cigarettes weakens reinforcement mechanisms associated with nicotine dependence.

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Effects of cigarette nicotine content on smoking behavior of baboons

Addictive Behaviors ◽

10.1016/0306-4603(85)90003-6 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 225-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Walter R. Rogers ◽

Robert L. Wilbur ◽

Robert L. Bass ◽

Donald E. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Smoking Behavior ◽

Nicotine Content

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Smoking Topography Characteristics During a 6-Week Trial of Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Smokers With Serious Mental Illness

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntz198 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (8) ◽

pp. 1414-1418 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rachel L Denlinger-Apte ◽

Eric C Donny ◽

Bruce R Lindgren ◽

Nathan Rubin ◽

Christine Goodwin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Illness ◽

Serious Mental Illness ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Smoking Behavior ◽

Unintended Consequences ◽

Double Blind ◽

Smoking Topography ◽

Nicotine Content ◽

The Impact ◽

Nicotine Reduction

Abstract Introduction A nicotine-reduction policy could have major benefits for smokers with serious mental illness (SMI). However, potential unintended consequences, such as compensatory smoking, should be considered to ensure that such a policy does not negatively affect this population. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to examine the impact of smoking very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes for 6 weeks on smoking topography characteristics, indicators of compensatory smoking, among smokers with SMI. Aims and Methods After a baseline usual brand smoking phase, smokers with SMI (N = 58) were randomly assigned under double-blind conditions to receive either VLNC (0.4 mg nicotine per g tobacco) or normal nicotine content (NNC; 15.8 mg nicotine per g tobacco) research cigarettes for 6 weeks. During two study visits scheduled 6 weeks apart, participants smoked either their usual brand (baseline) or assigned study cigarettes (postrandomization) through a handheld smoking topography device. Univariate analysis of variance compared smoking topography indices with cigarette condition (VLNC vs. NNC) as the between-subjects factor with corresponding baseline topography results included as covariates. Results At week 6, participants in the VLNC condition smoked fewer puffs per cigarette and had shorter interpuff intervals compared to participants in the NNC condition (ps < .05). There were no differences between research cigarette conditions at week 6 for cigarette volume, puff volume, puff duration, peak flow rate, or carbon monoxide boost. Conclusions Findings are consistent with acute VLNC cigarette topography studies and indicate that a nicotine-reduction policy is unlikely to lead to compensation among smokers with SMI. Implications Given the high smoking rates among people with SMI, understanding how a nicotine-reduction policy may affect this population is critically important. When considering the smoking topography results as a whole, smokers with SMI did not engage in compensatory smoking behavior when using VLNC cigarettes during a 6-week trial. Study findings suggest that compensatory smoking is not likely to occur among smokers with SMI if nicotine content is lowered to minimally addictive levels.

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Cigarette nicotine content as a determinant of human smoking behavior

Psychopharmacology ◽

10.1007/bf00402094 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 89-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

T. L. Goldfarb ◽

M. E. Jarvik ◽

S. D. Glick

Keyword(s):

Smoking Behavior ◽

Nicotine Content

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Increasing Quit Attempts by Transitioning to Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes Versus Reducing Number of Cigarettes Per Day: A Secondary Analysis of an Exploratory Randomized Trial

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntz145 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S81-S87

Author(s):

Elias M Klemperer ◽

John R Hughes ◽

Peter W Callas

Keyword(s):

Self Efficacy ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Smoking Behavior ◽

Intention To Quit ◽

Nicotine Content ◽

Time Interaction ◽

Nicotine Patches ◽

Quit Attempts ◽

Self Reports ◽

Per Se

Abstract Introduction The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has proposed reducing nicotine with very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes. In contrast, reducing nicotine by reducing number of cigarettes per day (CPD) is common. Our prior findings demonstrate that VLNC cigarettes decreased dependence more and were more acceptable than reducing CPD. This secondary analysis explored which reduction strategy increased quit attempts (QA), self-efficacy, or intention to quit more. Methods This is a secondary analysis of 68 adult daily smokers not ready to quit randomized to smoke VLNC cigarettes versus reduce CPD over 5 weeks. All participants smoked study cigarettes with nicotine yield similar to most commercial cigarettes ad lib for 1 week (baseline). Participants were then randomized to gradually reduce to 70%, 35%, 15%, and 3% of baseline nicotine over 4 weeks by either (1) transitioning to lower nicotine VLNC cigarettes or (2) reducing the number of full nicotine CPD. All participants received nicotine patches to aid reduction. We assessed (1) QAs using nightly and weekly self-reports, (2) Velicer’s Self-Efficacy to Quit measure weekly, and (3) the Intention-to-Quit Ladder nightly. Results More CPD (41%) than VLNC (17%) participants made any QA (odds ratio = 3.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.1, 10.5). There was no difference in QAs ≥24 h. Self-efficacy increased for VLNC but not CPD participants (interaction: F = 3.7, p < .01). The condition by time interaction for intention-to-quit was not significant. Conclusions Reducing number of CPD increased QAs more than reducing nicotine via switching to VLNC cigarettes. The lack of difference in longer QAs suggests replication tests are needed. Implications Reducing the frequency of smoking behavior (ie, CPD) could be a more effective strategy to increase QAs than reducing the magnitude of nicotine in each cigarette (ie, VLNC) per se.

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Effect of reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes on cigarette smoking behavior and tobacco smoke toxicant exposure: 2-year follow up

Addiction ◽

10.1111/add.12978 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 110 (10) ◽

pp. 1667-1675 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Neal L. Benowitz ◽

Natalie Nardone ◽

Katherine M. Dains ◽

Sharon M. Hall ◽

Susan Stewart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Tobacco Smoke ◽

Smoking Behavior ◽

Toxicant Exposure ◽

Nicotine Content

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Smoking Behavior and Exposure to Tobacco Toxicants during 6 Months of Smoking Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes

Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention ◽

10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0644 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 761-769 ◽

Cited By ~ 87

Author(s):

Neal L. Benowitz ◽

Katherine M. Dains ◽

Sharon M. Hall ◽

Susan Stewart ◽

Margaret Wilson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smoking Behavior ◽

Nicotine Content

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Wistar Rat Weight Loss on Conventional Cigarette Exposure Compared to E-Cigarette

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.c1064.0193s20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3S) ◽

pp. 279-281

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Smoking Behavior ◽

Wistar Rat ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Nicotine Content ◽

Group 4 ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Materials Used

Several studies have shown that smoking behavior is closely related to weight and obesity. Smokers tend to prefer fatty foods with high calories which ultimately makes a smoker vulnerable to being overweight. However, there are some studies that show lower body weight was found in smokers than nonsmokers. Our aim is to evaluate the short-term effects of smoking with conventional cigarettes and e-cigarret on weight changes in Wistar rats because animals try to minimize some confounding factors that are difficult to work on human samples (for example, physical activity, diet and motivation). This research is an experimental study, using 8-week-old male Wistar rats with body weight 150-200 grams divided randomly into 5 groups, namely 1) the group was not treated, 2) the filter cigarette exposure group, 3) the clove cigarette group , 4) e-cigarette group with a dose of 3 mL with nicotine content of 0 mg, and 5) ecigarette group with a dose of 3 mL with nicotine content of 3 mg. Body weight measurements using a digital scale. The results showed that there was a significant change in body weight between clove cigarettes and filter cigarettes with p = 0.024. In the results of this study, showed weight loss in all groups given cigarette smoke. Weight loss was significantly lower in the filter cigarette group compared to clove cigarettes and there was no significant weight difference between the conventional cigarette group and e-cigarette. This is likely the cigarette filter actually creates a major problem for smokers because of the design and materials used so it does not provide a safer effect for smoker.

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