scholarly journals Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes Disrupt the Feedback Loop of Affective States and Smoking Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1294-1300
Author(s):  
Jason D Robinson ◽  
George Kypriotakis ◽  
Mustafa Al’absi ◽  
Rachel L Denlinger-Apte ◽  
David J Drobes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Reduction Group ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nicotine Reduction

Abstract Introduction Smoking to reduce negative affect has been identified as a key motivational feature of tobacco use. Our recent work suggests that smoking very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes reduces the relationship between negative affect and smoking behavior over a 6-week period. Here, we sought to extend our findings by evaluating whether a gradual or immediate approach to switching to VLNC cigarettes led to a differential reduction in the relationship between affect and smoking behavior over a longer (20-week) period. Aims and Methods Participants (n = 1250) were adult smokers from 10 US sites randomized to one of three groups: gradual nicotine reduction (15.5, 11.7, 5.2, 2.4, and 0.4 mg of nicotine per gram of tobacco [mg/g]), immediate nicotine reduction (0.4 mg/g), or standard nicotine content cigarettes (15.5 mg/g; control), for 20 weeks. We examined whether the relationship between affect—both negative and positive—and cigarettes per day differed as a function of reduction group. Results We found that both negative and positive affect were associated with cigarette consumption in the control group, but not in the gradual or immediate reduction groups across the 20 weeks of exposure. Conclusions Our results extend previous findings that switching to VLNC cigarettes disrupts the relationship between affect and cigarette consumption by showing that either gradually or immediately reducing cigarette nicotine content achieves this disruption. These findings provide further evidence that switching to VLNC cigarettes reduces nicotine-related reinforcement of cigarette smoking. Implications These findings support the notion that switching to very low nicotine content cigarettes reduces the association between affect and smoking behavior, and that either a gradual or immediate nicotine reduction approach achieves this reduction. This provides further evidence that switching to very low nicotine content cigarettes weakens reinforcement mechanisms associated with nicotine dependence.

scholarly journals The Impact of Gradual and Immediate Nicotine Reduction on Subjective Cigarette Ratings

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S73-S80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy T Smith ◽  
Eric C Donny ◽  
Xianghua Luo ◽  
Alicia M Allen ◽  
Dana M Carroll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reduction Method ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Gradual Reduction ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Reward Value ◽  
Reduction Group ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nicotine Reduction

Abstract Background A recent clinical trial showed that an immediate transition to very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes, compared with a gradual transition, produced greater reductions in smoking behavior, smoke exposure, and dependence. However, there was less compliance with the instruction to smoke only VLNC cigarettes in the immediate versus gradual reduction condition. The goal of this study was to test whether nicotine reduction method alters subjective ratings of VLNC cigarettes, and whether subjective ratings mediate effects of nicotine reduction method on smoking behavior, smoke exposure, dependence, and compliance. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a randomized trial conducted across 10 sites in the United States. Smokers (n = 1250) were randomized to either a control condition, or to have the nicotine content of their cigarettes reduced immediately or gradually to 0.04 mg nicotine/g of tobacco during a 20-week study period. Participants completed the modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ). Results After Week 20, the immediate reduction group scored significantly lower than the gradual reduction group on multiple subscales of the mCEQ (ps < .001). The Satisfaction subscale of the mCEQ mediated the impact of nicotine reduction method on smoke exposure, smoking behavior, dependence, compliance, and abstinence. Other subscales also mediated a subset of these outcomes. Conclusions An immediate reduction in nicotine content resulted in lower product satisfaction than a gradual reduction, suggesting that immediate reduction further reduces cigarette reward value. This study will provide the Food and Drug Administration with information about the impact of nicotine reduction method on cigarette reward value. Implications These data suggest that an immediate reduction in nicotine content will result in greater reductions in cigarette satisfaction than a gradual reduction, and this reduction in satisfaction is related to changes in smoking behavior and dependence.

scholarly journals Smoking Topography Characteristics During a 6-Week Trial of Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Smokers With Serious Mental Illness

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1414-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel L Denlinger-Apte ◽  
Eric C Donny ◽  
Bruce R Lindgren ◽  
Nathan Rubin ◽  
Christine Goodwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Serious Mental Illness ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Smoking Topography ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nicotine Reduction

Abstract Introduction A nicotine-reduction policy could have major benefits for smokers with serious mental illness (SMI). However, potential unintended consequences, such as compensatory smoking, should be considered to ensure that such a policy does not negatively affect this population. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to examine the impact of smoking very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes for 6 weeks on smoking topography characteristics, indicators of compensatory smoking, among smokers with SMI. Aims and Methods After a baseline usual brand smoking phase, smokers with SMI (N = 58) were randomly assigned under double-blind conditions to receive either VLNC (0.4 mg nicotine per g tobacco) or normal nicotine content (NNC; 15.8 mg nicotine per g tobacco) research cigarettes for 6 weeks. During two study visits scheduled 6 weeks apart, participants smoked either their usual brand (baseline) or assigned study cigarettes (postrandomization) through a handheld smoking topography device. Univariate analysis of variance compared smoking topography indices with cigarette condition (VLNC vs. NNC) as the between-subjects factor with corresponding baseline topography results included as covariates. Results At week 6, participants in the VLNC condition smoked fewer puffs per cigarette and had shorter interpuff intervals compared to participants in the NNC condition (ps < .05). There were no differences between research cigarette conditions at week 6 for cigarette volume, puff volume, puff duration, peak flow rate, or carbon monoxide boost. Conclusions Findings are consistent with acute VLNC cigarette topography studies and indicate that a nicotine-reduction policy is unlikely to lead to compensation among smokers with SMI. Implications Given the high smoking rates among people with SMI, understanding how a nicotine-reduction policy may affect this population is critically important. When considering the smoking topography results as a whole, smokers with SMI did not engage in compensatory smoking behavior when using VLNC cigarettes during a 6-week trial. Study findings suggest that compensatory smoking is not likely to occur among smokers with SMI if nicotine content is lowered to minimally addictive levels.

The Influence of the Weather on Affective Experience

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liisi Kööts ◽  
Anu Realo ◽  
Jüri Allik
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Neo Personality Inventory ◽  
Affective Experiences ◽  
Multilevel Random Coefficient Modeling ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the relationship between affective experiences and weather variables using an experience-sampling method. The moderating effects of personality and age on the relationship were also investigated. Two age groups of participants (students and elderly people) recorded their moods when signalled during 14 consecutive days on 7 randomly determined occasions per day. Hourly weather data (temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, and luminance) for the same period were obtained from the local weather station. Previously participants had completed the Estonian versions of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory ( Kallasmaa, Allik, Realo, & McCrae, 2000 ) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule ( Allik & Realo, 1997 ). Multilevel random coefficient modeling analyses showed that momentary ratings of positive and negative affect were weakly related to temperature, positive affect was also related to sunlight. However, momentary ratings of fatigue showed a distinct tendency for greater incidence of sleepiness in the cold and dark. Age group was one of the most important moderators of the weather-emotion models. The influence of weather on emotions interacted with being outdoors. Personality traits also explained a small portion of variance in the influence of weather on affective states.

The Effects of a Smoking Education Program on the Behavior, Knowledge and Attitudes of Children in Grades 4 and 6

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda L. Pederson ◽  
Richard G. Stennett ◽  
Neville M. Lefcoe
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Education Material ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Attitudes Toward Smoking ◽  
Smoking And Health ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the short-term impact of a smoking curriculum for children in grades 4 and 6, the age just prior to which many children begin to smoke. Students in four grade 4 and four grade 6 classrooms were pre-tested concerning their knowledge about the relationship between cigarette smoking and health, their attitudes toward smoking and their current smoking behavior. Half of the classrooms from each grade were subsequently exposed to a smoking awareness program by the teacher. The remaining students were not systematically exposed to smoking education material. All children were then post-tested, using the same questionnaire that had been used in the pre-test. Grade 4 children were less likely to have tried cigarettes than grade 6 children. Although all children had negative attitudes toward smoking, grade 4 children were significantly more negative than grade 6 children. The attitudes of the experimental group tended to become less negative while the control group's attitude remained constant. The experimental group improved more in knowledge than the control group with grade 6 children making a greater gain from pre- to post-test than did the grade 4 children. The absolute gains in knowledge scores were, however, relatively small, indicating the need for further modifications in the curriculum material.

Parental Smoking Behavior and Childhood Cancer: A Case-control Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 572-590
Author(s):  
Mohammad S. Alyahya ◽  
Nihaya A. Al-Sheyab ◽  
Batool Amro
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Cancer ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Second Hand Smoking ◽  
The Relationship

Objectives: In this paper, we examine the relationship between parental cigarette, waterpipe, or dual smoking behavior and the development of childhood cancer. Methods: We utilized a case-control design (200 in the case age- and sex-matched with 400 control group). The sample was selected from 3 main public hospitals in Jordan. We used a demographic data sheet to collect background information about the children and their parents, and a structured questionnaire to assess the children's exposure to second-hand smoking. Result: Children of women who smoke on occasional to daily levels were significantly more likely to have cancer (p = .007). Also, fathers who smoke on a daily basis were significantly more likely to conceive a child with cancer compared to nonsmokers (p < .001). The regression analysis showed that women who had past exposure to smoke were more likely to have a child with cancer compared to none-exposure women (OR = 2.9). Conclusions: Children who are exposed to smoking by family members during pregnancy are significantly more likely to develop cancer. Furthermore, children who are exposed to waterpipe and cigarette smoking combined during their neonatal period have a higher chance of developing cancer.

The Layers of The Onion: The Impact of Satirical News on Affect and Online Sharing Behaviors

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-92
Author(s):  
Elise M. Stevens ◽  
Karen McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
News Story ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Affective States ◽  
News Stories ◽  
Social Sharing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The Onion is a satirical news site that has been growing in popularity over the last two decades. Based on theories in affect and social sharing, the current studies examined the impact of this online satirical news to understand its impact on affective states and online sharing. In Study 1, participants ( N = 147) either viewed a satirical or serious (frame) news story and then were asked about affective states and sharing behaviors. In Study 2, participants ( N = 143) viewed one of the two frames but on Instagram. In Study 1, results showed that serious news stories increased both positive and negative affect. Only positive affect mediated the relationship between frame and sharing. In Study 2, results showed that satirical Instagram posts were positively associated with negative affect, which mediated the relationship between frame and sharing. This study shows the important implications of online satirical news and illuminates how different platforms can affect audiences.

scholarly journals Cigarette Nicotine Content as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Negative Affect and Smoking

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1080-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason D Robinson ◽  
George Kypriotakis ◽  
Maher Karam-Hage ◽  
Charles E Green ◽  
Dorothy K Hatsukami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
The Relationship

Okadaic acid-sensitive phosphatase is related to MII/G1 transition in mouse oocytes

Zygote ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
Naoko Moride ◽  
Akira Kuwahara ◽  
Ayako Sutoh ◽  
Yu Tanaka ◽  
Yukari Mukai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Okadaic Acid ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Basic Protein ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mouse Oocytes ◽  
M Phase ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryIt is reported that okadaic acid (OA)-sensitive phosphatase is related to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/p90rsk activation in mammalian oocytes. OA is also involved in the positive feedback loop between M phase-promoting factor (MPF) and cdc25c in Xenopus oocytes during meiotic maturation. However, the effect of phosphatase inhibition by OA on MPF and MAPK activities at the MII/G1 in oocytes remains unknown. The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between OA-sensitive phosphatase and mitosis MII/G1 transition in mouse oocytes. MII-arrested oocytes were, isolated from mice, inseminated and cultured in TYH medium (control group) or TYH medium supplemented with 2.5 μM of OA (OA group). Histone H1 kinase and myelin basic protein (MBP) kinase activities were measured as indicators of MPF and p42 MAPK activities after insemination. Phosphorylation of cdc25c after insemination was analized in OA and control group by western blotting. Seven hours after insemination a pronucleus (PN) was formed in 84.1% (69/85) of oocytes in the control group. However, no PN was formed in oocytes of the OA group (p < 0.001). Although MPF and MAPK activities in the control group significantly decreased at 3, 4, 5, and 7 h after insemination, these decreases were significantly inhibited by OA addition (p < 0.05). Furthermore, OA addition prevented cdc25c dephosphorylation 7 h after insemination. In conclusion, OA-sensitive phosphatase correlates with inactivation of MPF and MAPK, and with the dephosphorylation of cdc25c at the MII/G1 transition in mouse oocytes.

scholarly journals Effects of Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes on Smoking Behavior and Biomarkers of Exposure in Menthol and Non-menthol Smokers

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S63-S72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel L Denlinger-Apte ◽  
Michael Kotlyar ◽  
Joseph S Koopmeiners ◽  
Jennifer W Tidey ◽  
Xianghua Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Recent Trial ◽  
Toxicant Exposure ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Menthol Cigarettes ◽  
Multivariable Regression ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nicotine Reduction

Abstract Introduction Because 30% of cigarettes sold in the United States are characterized as menthol cigarettes, it is important to understand how menthol preference may affect the impact of a nicotine reduction policy. Methods In a recent trial, non-treatment-seeking smokers were randomly assigned to receive very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNC; 0.4 mg nicotine/g tobacco) or normal nicotine cigarettes (NNC; 15.5 mg/g) for 20 weeks. On the basis of preference, participants received menthol or non-menthol cigarettes. We conducted multivariable regression analyses to examine whether menthol preference moderated the effects of nicotine content on cigarettes per day (CPD), breath carbon monoxide (CO), urinary total nicotine equivalents (TNE), urinary 2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid (CEMA), and abstinence. Results At baseline, menthol smokers (n = 346) reported smoking fewer CPD (14.9 vs. 19.2) and had lower TNE (52.8 vs. 71.6 nmol/mg) and CO (17.7 vs. 20.5 ppm) levels than non-menthol smokers (n = 406; ps &lt; .05). At week 20, significant interactions indicated that menthol smokers had smaller treatment effects than non-menthol smokers for CPD (–6.4 vs. –9.3), TNE (ratio of geometric means, 0.22 vs. 0.10) and CEMA (ratio, 0.56 vs. 0.37; ps &lt; .05), and trended toward a smaller treatment effect for CO (–4.5 vs. –7.3 ppm; p = .06). Odds ratios for abstinence at week 20 were 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.8 to 4.4) for menthol and 9.11 (95% CI = 3.3 to 25.2) for non-menthol VLNC smokers (p = .02) relative to the NNC condition. Conclusions Although menthol smokers experienced reductions in smoking, toxicant exposure, and increases in quitting when using VLNC cigarettes, the magnitude of change was smaller than that observed for non-menthol smokers. Implications Results of this analysis suggest that smokers of menthol cigarettes may respond to a nicotine reduction policy with smaller reductions in smoking rates and toxicant exposure than would smokers of non-menthol cigarettes.

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