scholarly journals THREE-DIMENSIONAL CARVING ON JADE

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
S. I. Galanin ◽  
Lijuan Qin
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Ancient Technology ◽  
Confucian Philosophy ◽  
Stone Cutting

The article discusses the technology and basic principles of three-dimensional jade carving in China, the historical development of the technology of processing the "national stone" of Celestial Empire. The main properties of jade that determine the technology of its processing and the nomenclature of stone-cutting products, as well as the advantages associated with this mineral in Confucian philosophy, are considered. It is shown that the properties of stone raw materials largely determine the master's idea and the subsequent design of the product. It is shown that studies of the features of the processed surface of carved jade products help to date their manufacture, and traceological studies clarify the features and techniques of the ancient technology of processing this mineral.

scholarly journals Influence of biological origin on the tensile properties of cellulose nanopapers

Cellulose ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katri S. Kontturi ◽  
Koon-Yang Lee ◽  
Mitchell P. Jones ◽  
William W. Sampson ◽  
Alexander Bismarck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibers ◽  
Nanofibrillated Cellulose ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Fiber Mats

Abstract Cellulose nanopapers provide diverse, strong and lightweight templates prepared entirely from sustainable raw materials, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). Yet the strength of CNFs has not been fully capitalized in the resulting nanopapers and the relative influence of CNF strength, their bonding, and biological origin to nanopaper strength are unknown. Here, we show that basic principles from paper physics can be applied to CNF nanopapers to illuminate those relationships. Importantly, it appeared that ~ 200 MPa was the theoretical maximum for nanopapers with random fibril orientation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the contrast in tensile strength for nanopapers prepared from bacterial cellulose (BC) and wood-based nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC). Endemic amorphous polysaccharides (hemicelluloses) in NFC act as matrix in NFC nanopapers, strengthening the bonding between CNFs just like it improves the bonding between CNFs in the primary cell wall of plants. The conclusions apply to all composites containing non-woven fiber mats as reinforcement. Graphic abstract

To the issue of the solid mineral center allocation

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
YAROSLAV ALEKSEEV ◽  
EVSEI ZASKIND ◽  
OLGA KONKINA
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Far Eastern

Methodological approaches of the solid mineral center allocation in Russia are presented. The basic principles and criteria on the basis of which the allocation of the mineral center in the Far Eastern Federal District was carried out are described. A detailed description of its components (industrial and raw materials hub, deposits, perspective area) is given on the example of the Kamchatka mineral center

scholarly journals Characteristic of materials for the 3D printed building constructions by additive printing

2018 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 01013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Pacewicz ◽  
Anna Sobotka ◽  
Łukasz Gołek
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Construction Site ◽  
Printing Technology ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Dimensional Printing

Three dimensional printing is a promising new technology to erect construction objects. Around the world in every moment a new prototypes constructions are made by using this method. Three dimensional printing is taken into account as technology which can be used to print constructions in automated way on the Moon or Mars. The raw materials, which can be used with three dimensional printing have to fulfil basic requirements for those which are used in construction. That means that components of printing mortars are made from ingredients easily accessible in area nearby construction site and can be reusable. The cost of printing building objects due to that requirements is comparable to costs of traditional building, which are currently available. However additive techniques of printing needs a dedicated mortars for printer supplying. Characteristic for such mortars is: setting time, compressive strength, followability in the printing system, shape stability of every printed layer, controlling the hydration rate to ensure bonding with the subsequent layer, reusable capabilities, easily accessible raw materials, cost of such mixtures shouldn’t be too high in order to keep 3D printing competitive for traditional ways of building, mortar components should be recyclable and printing process should not influence negatively on an environment and people. All properties of printing mortars are determined by the device for additive application method. In this paper review of available materials used for three dimensional printing technology at construction site is presented. Presented materials were analysed in terms of requirements for building materials technology. Due to the lack of detailed information’s in available literature, regarding to the properties of raw materials, the results of this analysis may be used in the designing of new concrete mixtures for the use in three-dimensional printing technology for construction.

Endoscopic Vitreoretinal Surgery; Basic Principles, Indications and New Directions

2021 ◽  
pp. 320-326
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Vitreoretinal Surgery ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Complementary Method ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Ocular Media ◽  
Media Opacities ◽  
Basic Features

In this review, we aimed to give information about the historical development, basic features, and major indications of microendoscopy in vitreoretinal surgery. Microendoscopy permits vitreoretinal surgery for tissues that are not visible using operating microscopy ophthalmoscopy. Evolving technology may overcome the technical limitations of current endoscopic technology. Endoscopic vitreoretinal surgery is particularly useful when tissue details blurred by ocular media opacities or anterior chamber aberrations in contemporary surgical microscopic ophthalmoscopy. Microendoscopy is a robust platform for vitreoretinal surgery. Ophthalmic microendoscopy as a complementary method to modern vitreoretinal surgical techniques is very useful for safe surgery when an operating a microscope becomes insufficient.

The Methods of Three Dimensional Scanning Technology Surveying and Mapping of Chinese Traditional Furniture

2012 ◽  
Vol 271-272 ◽  
pp. 632-635
Author(s):  
Cheng Min Zhou ◽  
Zhi Hui Wu
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Advanced Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Advanced Manufacturing ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Physical Test ◽  
Surveying And Mapping

This paper puts forward the basic principles and contents of surveying and mapping of Chinese traditional furniture. Through research and physical test, it proposed the methods and surveying and mapping processes of three dimensional scanning surveying and mapping. So that the technology of furniture’s surveying and mapping, protection, production and design has been further improved, thus making traditional furniture culture and modern advanced manufacturing technology spread and develop better.

scholarly journals Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Fazli ◽  
Denis Rodrigue
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Waste Tires ◽  
Chemical Surface ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Recycling and recovery of waste tires is a serious environmental problem since vulcanized rubbers require several years to degrade naturally and remain for long periods of time in the environment. This is associated to a complex three dimensional (3D) crosslinked structure and the presence of a high number of different additives inside a tire formulation. Most end-of-life tires are discarded as waste in landfills taking space or incinerated for energy recovery, especially for highly degraded rubber wastes. All these options are no longer acceptable for the environment and circular economy. However, a great deal of progress has been made on the sustainability of waste tires via recycling as this material has high potential being a source of valuable raw materials. Extensive researches were performed on using these end-of-life tires as fillers in civil engineering applications (concrete and asphalt), as well as blending with polymeric matrices (thermoplastics, thermosets or virgin rubber). Several grinding technologies, such as ambient, wet or cryogenic processes, are widely used for downsizing waste tires and converting them into ground tire rubber (GTR) with a larger specific surface area. Here, a focus is made on the use of GTR as a partial replacement in virgin rubber compounds. The paper also presents a review of the possible physical and chemical surface treatments to improve the GTR adhesion and interaction with different matrices, including rubber regeneration processes such as thermomechanical, microwave, ultrasonic and thermochemical producing regenerated tire rubber (RTR). This review also includes a detailed discussion on the effect of GTR/RTR particle size, concentration and crosslinking level on the curing, rheological, mechanical, aging, thermal, dynamic mechanical and swelling properties of rubber compounds. Finally, a conclusion on the current situation is provided with openings for future works.

scholarly journals Fabrication of 3D microchannels for tissue engineering in photosensitive glass using NIR femtosecond laser radiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Brokmann ◽  
Tobias Milde ◽  
Edda Rädlein ◽  
Klaus Liefeith
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Laser Radiation ◽  
Femtosecond Laser ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Glass Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Laser Exposure ◽  
Femtosecond Laser Radiation ◽  
Rate Ratios

Abstract The biocompatibility of photosensitive glasses allows various biomedical applications; one is the field of tissue engineering and more precisely microengineered tissue-on-a-chip platforms to study the tissue microenvironment and disease modelling. Three dimensional architectures of adapted components are required for modern materials. A photosensitive lithiumalumosilicate glass FS21 was investigated regarding the interaction with a Ti:Sapphire laser systemto build three dimensional buried channels inside the glass. Femtosecond laser radiation with a wavelength of 800 nm and pulse duration of 140 fs was used to modify the glass structure. Subsurface channel geometries were achieved by a subsequent thermal treatment and were formed into capillaries using wet chemical etching of the exposed and crystallised channels. Contrary to ultraviolet (UV) exposure, spectral optical investigations showed that fs laser exposure caused various radiation induced defects in the base glass coupled with the generation of photoelectrons for the photochemical modification of silver ions. We observed an outgassing of different species coming from raw materials of the original glass batch during the glass crystallisation process. Etch rate ratios differ between 1:25 and 1:45 and are dependent on: stoichiometric deviation between surface and bulk, crystal size and distribution and exchange of the etching agent in narrow capillaries.

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