scholarly journals Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Fazli ◽  
Denis Rodrigue
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Waste Tires ◽  
Chemical Surface ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Recycling and recovery of waste tires is a serious environmental problem since vulcanized rubbers require several years to degrade naturally and remain for long periods of time in the environment. This is associated to a complex three dimensional (3D) crosslinked structure and the presence of a high number of different additives inside a tire formulation. Most end-of-life tires are discarded as waste in landfills taking space or incinerated for energy recovery, especially for highly degraded rubber wastes. All these options are no longer acceptable for the environment and circular economy. However, a great deal of progress has been made on the sustainability of waste tires via recycling as this material has high potential being a source of valuable raw materials. Extensive researches were performed on using these end-of-life tires as fillers in civil engineering applications (concrete and asphalt), as well as blending with polymeric matrices (thermoplastics, thermosets or virgin rubber). Several grinding technologies, such as ambient, wet or cryogenic processes, are widely used for downsizing waste tires and converting them into ground tire rubber (GTR) with a larger specific surface area. Here, a focus is made on the use of GTR as a partial replacement in virgin rubber compounds. The paper also presents a review of the possible physical and chemical surface treatments to improve the GTR adhesion and interaction with different matrices, including rubber regeneration processes such as thermomechanical, microwave, ultrasonic and thermochemical producing regenerated tire rubber (RTR). This review also includes a detailed discussion on the effect of GTR/RTR particle size, concentration and crosslinking level on the curing, rheological, mechanical, aging, thermal, dynamic mechanical and swelling properties of rubber compounds. Finally, a conclusion on the current situation is provided with openings for future works.

scholarly journals Study and Characterization of the Dielectric Behavior of Low Linear Density Polyethylene Composites Mixed with Ground Tire Rubber Particles

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Marín-Genescà ◽  
Jordi García-Amorós ◽  
Ramon Mujal-Rosas ◽  
Lluís Massagués ◽  
Xavier Colom
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Dielectric Behavior ◽  
Electrical Cable ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Compound Material ◽  
Useful Life

The waste rubber vulcanizate, on account of its stable, cross-linked and three-dimensional structural arrangement, is difficult to biodegrade. Thus, the ever-increasing bulk of worn-out tires is a serious environmental issue and its safe disposal is still a challenging task reported widely by the scientific community. The rubber materials, once they end their useful life, may present difficulties to be reused or recycled. At present, only one tire recycling method is used, which involves grinding and separating steel and fibers from vulcanized rubber, and then using rubber for industrial applications, such as flooring, insulation, footwear. In this paper, a new compound material is presented from a base of reused tire powder (Ground Tire Rubber: GTR) as a mixer and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) as a matrix. The reused tire powder, resulting from grinding industrial processes, is separated by sieving into just one category of particle size (<200 μm) and mixed with the LLDPE in different amounts (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50% and 70% GTR). Due to the good electrical properties of the LLDPE, this study’s focus is settled on the electrical behavior of the obtained composites. The test of the dielectric behavior is carried out by means of DEA test (Dynamic Electric Analysis), undertaken at a range of temperatures varying from 30 to 120 °C, and with a range of frequencies from 1 to 102, to 3·106 Hz, from which permittivity, conductivity, dielectric constant and electric modulus have been obtained. From these experimental results and their analysis, it can be drawn that the additions of different quantities of GTR to LLDPE could be used as industrial applications, such as universal electrical cable joint, filler for electrical applications or cable tray systems and cable ladder system.

scholarly journals Ground Tire Rubber Recycling in Applications as Insulators in Polymeric Compounds, According to Spanish UNE Standards

Recycling ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Marc Marín-Genescà ◽  
Jordi García-Amorós ◽  
Ramon Mujal-Rosas ◽  
Lluís Massagués Vidal ◽  
Jordi Bordes Arroyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Blends ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
International Electrotechnical Commission ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Polymeric Blends ◽  
Standard Values

In the present research, we investigated the conceivable outcomes of using ground tire rubber (GTR) particle polymeric blends. Special methods of restoring tires that are no longer in use include GTR retreading, GTR blending destined for recycling to attain raw substances utilized in other industrial application production processes, and the valorization of GTR for power/energy generation. The recycling of end-of-life tires enables the recovery of rubber, steel, and fibers, all of which are valid on the market as raw materials to be used for other processes. There are methods to recycle GTRs in a clean and environmentally friendly way. In the present research, several industrial applications of GTR polymer blends were developed and compared with standard values from the Spanish Association for Standardization (UNE) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). In order to analyze the viability in many of the industrial applications selected, certain compounds obtained from the GTR polymer blends were analyzed regarding their use in nine low requirement insulator applications. The research and analysis developed in this manuscript used standard values from the UNE and IEC, and these standard values were compared with the test values. The obtained results were used to provide an application list that could be helpful for industrial applications. In this research, the pre-owned polymers were as follows: polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene (ABS), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyamide (PA). The filler used was GTR with particle sizes lower than 200 microns. The amounts of GTR particles in the compound materials were 0% (raw polymer), 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, and 70% (the latter being found in polymeric blends). We discovered six plausible modern applications of GTR polymer blends as indicated by the UNE and IEC standards.

MODIFICATION OF BITUMINOUS BINDERS FOR ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-171
Author(s):  
V.V. TRACHEVSKYI ◽  
◽  
K.O. IVANENKO ◽  
O.M. FAINLEIB ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomers ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Concrete Pavements ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Bituminous Binders

The review is devoted to the analysis of modern research in the development of formulations and technology for the manufacture of composites based on bituminous binders for the creation of improved asphalt concrete. Methods for modification of bitumen by polymer additives, chemical stabilizers, industrial wastes (recycled polymers, ground tire rubber, fly ash, etc.), nanodispersed additives and carbon nanomaterials to obtain the necessary predetermined properties are considered. The positive and negative aspects of using various modifiers are analyzed. The efficiency of modification of bituminous binders with recycled polymers and nano(ultra)dispersed fillers is shown, which makes it possible to create composites based on bituminous binders for asphalt concrete pavements with high performance characteristics. The optimal content of additives to the bitumen binder has been analyzed: the amount of thermoplastic polymers and thermoplastic elastomers in the range of 3-10 wt.%, thermosetting polymers − over 10 wt.%, elastomers − up to 15 wt.%, and nano-sized additives: nano-oxides ≥ 5 wt.%, nanoclay ~ 3 wt. %, carbon nanotubes, graphene < 1.2 wt.%. Modification of bitumen with recycled polymers and partial replacement of expensive polymer modifiers with cheaper polymer waste, composite modifiers, namely recycled polymer mixed with ground tire rubber and / or fly ash are considered. This allows solving the environmental problems (waste utilization and secondary use) and reduce the cost of asphalt concrete. From the analysis of the experimental results, it becomes clear that for prediction of the properties of modified asphalt concrete, the basic characteristics of the original bitumen, which can differ significantly, are important, as well as the type of modifier (combination of modifiers), its chemical nature, and the efficiency of its dispersing in bitumen. The different chemical composition of the initial bitumen and its physicochemical properties probably play a primary role in imparting high and low temperature properties to asphalt concrete. Modification of a bituminous binder with waste polymers and nanofillers, first of all, makes it possible to improve such important performance characteristics of bitumen and asphalt concrete, such as softening temperature, penetration, penetration index, ductility, viscosity, moisture resistance, complex shear modulus, rutting parameter, resistance to cracking, etc.

Mechanical and rheological properties of natural rubber compounds containing devulcanized ground tire rubber from several methods

2015 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 369-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Mangili ◽  
Marina Lasagni ◽  
Manuela Anzano ◽  
Elena Collina ◽  
Valeria Tatangelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds

scholarly journals Ground Tire Rubber Filled Flexible Polyurethane Foam—Effect of Waste Rubber Treatment on Composite Performance

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 3807
Author(s):  
Paulina Kosmela ◽  
Adam Olszewski ◽  
Łukasz Zedler ◽  
Paulina Burger ◽  
Adam Piasecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Waste Oil ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Application Range ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane

The application range of flexible polyurethane (PU) foams is comprehensive because of their versatility and flexibility in adjusting structure and performance. In addition to the investigations associated with further broadening of their potential properties, researchers are looking for new raw materials, beneficially originated from renewable resources or recycling. A great example of such a material is ground tire rubber (GTR)—the product of the material recycling of post-consumer car tires. To fully exploit the benefits of this material, it should be modified to enhance the interfacial interactions between PU and GTR. In the presented work, GTR particles were thermo-mechanically modified with the addition of fresh and waste rapeseed oil in the reactive extrusion process. The introduction of modified GTR particles into a flexible PU matrix caused a beneficial 17–28% decrease in average cell diameters. Such an effect caused an even 5% drop in thermal conductivity coefficient values, enhancing thermal insulation performance. The application of waste oil resulted in the superior mechanical performance of composites compared to the fresh one and thermo-mechanical modification without oils. The compressive and tensile performance of composites filled with waste oil-modified GTR was almost the same as for the unfilled foam. Moreover, the introduction of ground tire rubber particles enhanced the thermal stability of neat polyurethane foam.

Partial replacement of carbon black by nanoclay in butyl rubber compounds for tubeless tires

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1054-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan Kumar Harikrishna Kumar ◽  
Subramaniam Shankar ◽  
Rathanasamy Rajasekar ◽  
Pal Samir Kumar ◽  
Palaniappan Sathish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Rubber Compounds

scholarly journals End-of-Life Alternatives of Glass Reinforced Polyester Boat Hulls Compared by LCA

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 096369351802700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Önal ◽  
Gökdeniz Neşer
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Photochemical Oxidation ◽  
Human Toxicity ◽  
Vacuum Infusion ◽  
Infusion Method

Glass reinforced polyester (GRP), as a thermoset polymer composites, dominates boat building industry with its several advantages such as high strength/weight ratio, cohesiveness, good resistance to environment. However, proper recovering and recycling of GRP boats is became a current environmental requirement that should be met by the related industry. In this study, to propose in a cost effective and environmentally friendly way, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been carried out for six scenarios include two moulding methods (namely Hand Lay-up Method, HLM and Vacuum Infusion Method, VIM) and three End-of-Life (EoL) alternatives(namely Extruding, Incineration and Landfill) for a recreational boat's GRP hulls. A case study from raw materials purchasing phase to disposal/recycling stages has been established taking 11 m length GRP boat hull as the functional unit. Analysis show that in the production phase, the impacts are mainly due to the use of energy (electricity), transport and raw material manufacture. Largest differences between the methods considered (HLM and VIM) can be observed in the factors of marine aquatic ecotoxicity and eutrophication while the closest ones are abiotic depletion, ozon layer depletion and photochemical oxidation. The environmental impact of VIM is much higher than HLM due to its higher energy consumption while vacuum infusion method has lower risk than hand lay-up method in terms of occupational health by using less raw material (resin) in a closed mold. In the comparison of the three EoL techniques, the mechanical way of recycling (granule extruding) shows better environmental impacts except terrestrial ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidation and acidification. Among the EoL alternatives, landfill has the highest environmental impacts except ‘global warming potential’ and ‘human toxicity’ which are the highest in extrusion. The main cause of the impacts of landfill is the transportation needs between the EoL boats and the licenced landfill site. Although it has the higher impact on human toxicity, incineration is the second cleaner alternative of EoL techniques considered in this study. In fact that the similar trend has been observed both in production and EoL phases of the boat. It is obvious that using much more renewable energy mix and greener transportation alternative can reduce the overall impact of the all phases considerably.

scholarly journals Lightweight Cement Conglomerates Based on End-of-Life Tire Rubber: Effect of the Grain Size, Dosage and Addition of Perlite on the Physical and Mechanical Properties

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Andrea Petrella ◽  
Michele Notarnicola
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Impact Compression ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Deep Groove ◽  
Mechanical Strengths ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Thermal Conductivities

Lightweight cement mortars containing end-of-life tire rubber (TR) as aggregate were prepared and characterized by rheological, thermal, mechanical, microstructural, and wetting tests. The mixtures were obtained after total replacement of the conventional sand aggregate with untreated TR with different grain sizes (0–2 mm and 2–4 mm) and distributions (25%, 32%, and 40% by weight). The mortars showed lower thermal conductivities (≈90%) with respect to the sand reference due to the differences in the conductivities of the two phases associated with the low density of the aggregates and, to a minor extent, to the lack of adhesion of tire to the cement paste (evidenced by microstructural detection). In this respect, a decrease of the thermal conductivities was observed with the increase of the TR weight percentage together with a decrease of fluidity of the fresh mixture and a decrease of the mechanical strengths. The addition of expanded perlite (P, 0–1 mm grain size) to the mixture allowed us to obtain mortars with an improvement of the mechanical strengths and negligible modification of the thermal properties. Moreover, in this case, a decrease of the thermal conductivities was observed with the increase of the P/TR dosage together with a decrease of fluidity and of the mechanical strengths. TR mortars showed discrete cracks after failure without separation of the two parts of the specimens, and similar results were observed in the case of the perlite/TR samples thanks to the rubber particles bridging the crack faces. The super-elastic properties of the specimens were also observed in the impact compression tests in which the best performances of the tire and P/TR composites were evidenced by a deep groove before complete failure. Moreover, these mortars showed very low water penetration through the surface and also through the bulk of the samples thanks to the hydrophobic nature of the end-of-life aggregate, which makes these environmentally sustainable materials suitable for indoor and outdoor elements.

Hysteresis loss of ultra-large off-the-road tire rubber compounds based on operating conditions at mine sites

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702110155
Author(s):  
Shaosen Ma ◽  
Guangping Huang ◽  
Khaled Obaia ◽  
Soon Won Moon ◽  
Wei Victor Liu
Keyword(s):  
Large Strain ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Hysteresis Loss ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
The Road ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Mine Sites

The objective of this study is to investigate the hysteresis loss of ultra-large off-the-road (OTR) tire rubber compounds based on typical operating conditions at mine sites. Cyclic tensile tests were conducted on tread and sidewall compounds at six strain levels ranging from 10% to 100%, eight strain rates from 10% to 500% s−1 and 14 rubber temperatures from −30°C to 100°C. The test results showed that a large strain level (e.g. 100%) increased the hysteresis loss of tire rubber compounds considerably. Hysteresis loss of tire rubber compounds increased with a rise of strain rates, and the increasing rates became greater at large strain levels (e.g. 100%). Moreover, a rise of rubber temperatures caused a decrease in hysteresis loss; however, the decrease became less significant when the rubber temperatures were above 10°C. Compared with tread compounds, sidewall compounds showed greater hysteresis loss values and more rapid increases in hysteresis loss with the rising strain rate.

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