scholarly journals THE MOVEMENT OF THE TURKISH LITERATURE

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2367-2370
Author(s):  
Ajsel Iljazi ◽  
Mahmut Mahmut
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Turkish Literature ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Modernization Process ◽  
Ottoman Literature ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Kemal Ataturk

The movement of Turkish literature is divided into several broad periods of Turkish writers. Older literature covers the period from the Seljuks (900-1300) and the Ottoman period (1300-1922). The early period of the Ottoman literature, until the 16th century, was influenced by the Persian ideas, and after the 1520s, Arab ideas began to dominate.The movement of Turkish literature is often a part of political movements. Turkish patriotism gradually replaced the old Ottoman and Muslim traditions. This publicatoin will focus on the influence of the West, in particular the French concept of nationalism in Turkish Literature.The Young Turk Revolution, World War I, the Turkish War of Independence and the Reformation of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk all profoundly influenced the development of modern Turkish literature."New Turkish Literature" is a literary genre developed and transformed in parallel with Western effects. Starting from the birth until the 19th century, it is possible to mention the existence of Turkish literature formed under the influence of Central Asia and the Orient.The "New Turkish Literature" is a literary reflection of pro-Western oriented Turks, or the modernization process that began in 1839 in the Tanzimat period (Reorganization).

scholarly journals THE MOVEMENT OF THE TURKISH LITERATURE

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2367-2370
Author(s):  
Ajsel Iljazi ◽  
Mahmut Mahmut
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Turkish Literature ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Modernization Process ◽  
Ottoman Literature ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Kemal Ataturk

The movement of Turkish literature is divided into several broad periods of Turkish writers. Older literature covers the period from the Seljuks (900-1300) and the Ottoman period (1300-1922). The early period of the Ottoman literature, until the 16th century, was influenced by the Persian ideas, and after the 1520s, Arab ideas began to dominate.The movement of Turkish literature is often a part of political movements. Turkish patriotism gradually replaced the old Ottoman and Muslim traditions. This publicatoin will focus on the influence of the West, in particular the French concept of nationalism in Turkish Literature.The Young Turk Revolution, World War I, the Turkish War of Independence and the Reformation of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk all profoundly influenced the development of modern Turkish literature."New Turkish Literature" is a literary genre developed and transformed in parallel with Western effects. Starting from the birth until the 19th century, it is possible to mention the existence of Turkish literature formed under the influence of Central Asia and the Orient.The "New Turkish Literature" is a literary reflection of pro-Western oriented Turks, or the modernization process that began in 1839 in the Tanzimat period (Reorganization).

Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal (1881–1938)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hikmet Kocamaner
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Foreign Occupation ◽  
Penal Codes ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Resistance Movement ◽  
Republic Of Turkey ◽  
Kemal Ataturk

A military officer in the Ottoman army, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was the leader of the Turkish national resistance movement and the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey. After the Allies defeated the Ottoman Empire in World War I and started partitioning its territories, in 1919 he began to lead a national resistance movement in Anatolia. In 1920 he organized a provisional national assembly in Ankara, functioning independently from the Ottoman administration. Having successfully liberated Anatolia and eastern Thrace from foreign occupation as a result of the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923), he founded the Republic of Turkey (1923), with himself elected by the assembly as its first president (1923–1938). He institutionalized political, economic, social, legal and educational reforms aimed at modernizing and secularizing Turkey and forging a new national identity. These included the abolishment of the caliphate (1924), the secularization and nationalization of education (1924), the adoption of new civil, commercial, and penal codes based on European models (1926), and the replacing of Arabic script with the Latin alphabet (1928). The principles of his reforms, commonly referred to as Kemalism, have defined the fundamental characteristics of the Republic throughout most of its history: republicanism, nationalism, populism, secularism, statism, and revolutionism.

Spain in the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 108-122
Author(s):  
Hans-Ingo Radatz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Early Start ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Modernization Process ◽  
The 19Th Century

Spain's nation building in the 19th century came to an early start during the War of Independence, but the new idea of a “Spanish Nation” soon ran into major adversities. When Fernando VII reinstated his absolutist monarchy, most of the American colonies broke away, and a series of civil wars turned Spain into a failed state for the greater part of the 19th century. During this period, an important segment of Catalonia's buoyant bourgeoisie tried to emulate Prussia's role in Germany and Piedmont's in Italy and pushed for Catalonia to become the leader of a modernization process. Catalan aspirations were, however, frustrated when in 1898 the last overseas colonies were lost and the Generación del 1898 rebooted the Spanish nation-building process – now as a European country with a clear-cut centralist and Castilian ideology behind it. Modern regional nationalism in Spain can only be understood against the background of these developments in the 19th century.

scholarly journals Ottoman War of Independence and Its Effects (1908-1923)

2020 ◽  
pp. 319-342
Author(s):  
ساهرة حسين محمود
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
World War ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Western Front ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
National Movement ◽  
Kemal Ataturk

The Turkish War of Independence, i.e. (the war of liberation), also known as (the War of Independence) or (the national campaign), took place (May 19, 1919 - July 24, 1923) between the Turkish national movement and the allies ( Greece) on the Western Front, and Armenia on The Eastern Front, France on the Southern Front, and the royalists and separatists in different cities, and in addition to them; the United Kingdom and Italy in Constantinople (now Istanbul) - after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and divided after the Ottoman defeat in World War I in 1914, few British, French and Italian occupation forces Spread or participated in the hostilities, the Turkish National Movement in Anatolia resulted in the formation of a new major national assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and his colleagues, after the end of the war on the Armenian Turkish, French, Turkish and Turkish Greek fronts (often referred to as the Eastern Front, Southern Front, and Western Front of War Respectively), the Treaty of Sèvres was abolished in the year 1920 AD, and the Kars (October 1921) and Lausanne (July 1923) treaties were signed. The Allies left Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey decided to establish a republic in Turkey, whose establishment was declared on October 29, 1923, with the establishment of the Turkish national movement and the division of the Ottoman Empire and the abolition of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Empire ended and its era. After Ataturk made some reforms, the Turks established the modern secular national state of Turkey on the political front. On March 3, 1924, the Ottoman caliphate was formally abolished and the last caliphate was exiled.

Transition of the Rusins of Austria-Hungary to the bosom of Orthodoxy in the end of 19th - beginning of 20th century: Lost perspective for Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-4) ◽  
pp. 196-205
Author(s):  
Vadim Mikhailov ◽  
Konstantin Losev
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
World War ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Church Policy

The article is devoted to the issue of Church policy in relation to the Rusyn population of Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, the policy of the Austro-Hungarian administration towards the Rusyn Uniate population of the Empire underwent changes. Russia’s victories in the wars of 1849 and 1877-1878 aroused the desire of the educated part of the Rusyns to return to the bosom of the Orthodox Church. Nevertheless, even during the World War I, when the Russian army captured part of the territories inhabited by Rusyns, the military and officials of the Russian Empire were too cautious about the issue of converting Uniates to Orthodoxy, which had obvious negative consequences both for the Rusyns, who were forced to choose a Ukrainophile orientation to protect their national and cultural identity, and for the future of Russia as the leader of the Slavic and Orthodox world.

FEMINISM IN EUROPE: FACING NEW CHALLENGES

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
DARIA POTAPOVA ◽  
◽  
SERGEY SHPAGIN
Keyword(s):  
European Society ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Women's Equality ◽  
State Budgets ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Migration Crisis ◽  
The One

The article is devoted to topical issues of the development of the ideology of feminism in modern conditions. The purpose of the work is to identify the factors of the dynamics of the ideology of feminism at the beginning of the 21st century. The main versions of classical feminism are characterized: liberal, Marxist and radical. There is a close connection between the origins of feminism and Marxism, but even in the early period the interaction of these ideological and political movements was problematic. There is also an interaction of feminism with new social movements in the West in the 20th century. The contradictory consequences of the development of the women's movement for the ideology of feminism are noted: on the one hand, the actualization of the feminist agenda in Western countries created the conditions for significant successes in protecting women's rights and recognizing feminism as a real political force, on the other hand, these same successes reduced the relevance of the liberal version of feminism. Recent developments in Europe have a significant impact on the feminist agenda. Globalization and, in particular, the migration crisis of the 2010s are considered as one of the new factors in the ideological dynamics of feminism. The influx of migrants from Muslim countries not only places a burden on state budgets and reduces the level of security of life on the continent, but also erodes the civilizational identity of European society. Muslim migrants do not seek to integrate into European society, often ignore the fundamental values of European civilization, and above all, women's equality. This situation creates incentives not only to renew the political goals of feminists, but also to revise the ideological foundations of their ideology itself. In particular, it is possible to move away from the traditional reliance on left-wing political slogans and replace the popular Marxist phraseology among radical Islamists with values related to the protection of democratic gains of European society.

KLASİK TÜRK EDEBİYATINDA ARUZ KALIPLARININ İSİMLERİYLE BİRLİKTE VERİLMESİ KONUSUNDA METALİ’ÜN NEZA’İR’İN II. CİLDİNDEN HAREKETLE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
Abuzer KALYON
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Doctoral Thesis ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Turkish Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ottoman Literature

Peşteli Hüseyin Hisali is known as Budinli or Peşteli Hisâlî. Little is known about his life in the sources. His most important contribution to Ottoman literature is the magazine called Metâli'ü'n-nezâ'ir, which he composed in two volumes with his own handwriting. It is an inevitable neces-sity to make use of magazines in order to make the history of Turkish literature fully formed. The divan or divançes of many poets who made significant contributions to the classical Turkish literature were either not created or survived. In order to reach the poets of these poets and to make evaluations about them, it is necessary to examine the magazines. In the last ten years, academic studies and publications have been made on classical Turkish literature poems or ma-gazines containing only couplets or mufra. This situation is undoubtedly gratifying. We believe that both volumes of Metâli'ü'n-nezâ'ir are noteworthy in terms of containing the poetry examp-les of hundreds of poets of classical Turkish literature. In this two-volume magazine, there are matla examples of Turkish poetry, of poets of Turkish literature that developed in the Ottoman geography and outside the Ottoman geography. There are a total of 27,310 couplets with matte in both volumes of the magazine. This is important in terms of exemplifying and exhibiting an important accumulation. They adopted the Arab and Persian culture-literature styles, which the Turks recognized immediately after their acceptance of Islam, and adapted them to their own literatures. One of these common features of Islamic literatures is the measure of prosody. Metâli'ü'n-nezâ gives important clues about what the full-fledged names of the measure of aruz used in classical Turkish poetry are. In 2011, at Gazi University Institute of Social Sciences, Prof. Dr. Peşteli Hisâlî Metâliü'n-nezâ'ir (Second - Volume) Examination - Text, which we pre-pared under the consultancy of Ahmet Mermer, is included in the full-fledged names of the pro-sody patterns in our doctoral thesis. In this study, which we prepared by making use of our the-sis and other sources, the prosody patterns used in Classical Turkish literature were given toget-her with their names.

THE ROLE OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN THE MODERN CANADA. IS THEIR SIGNIFICANCE GROWING OR FALLING?

2020 ◽  
pp. 176-185
Author(s):  
Andrei N. Komarov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article reveals an evolution of political ideologies in Canada in 1993–2019. Following the Russian and foreign historiography, as well as the election programs of Conservatives and Liberals, the author analyzes the influence of political ideologies on the voting of Canadian voters in parliamentary elections in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that Canada is still a country committed to political ideologies. He also considers as unacceptable the thesis about an absence of ideologies in Canada within the existing post-industrial society. The author believes that the model for political development of Canada, laid down in the second half of the 19th century by the founders of the state, is still effective at the present time. In a post-industrial society, Canada clearly follows national traditions based on previously developed political ideologies. That is what constitutes the foundation for the rule-of-law state and civil society in Canada. The author emphasizes that, despite the activities of other political movements, conservative and liberal ideologies represent the leading directions of the state development in Canada. Other political ideologies, like social democracy, are largely secondary and do not determine the present and future of the Canadian state.

scholarly journals “Labor as freedom, labor as burden”: on the early period of women’s professional employment in Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-411
Author(s):  
Olga M Morozova ◽  
Tatyana I Troshina ◽  
Elena A Yalozina
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Health Care Education ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Woman Teacher ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Woman Doctor ◽  
Employment Of Women ◽  
Working Woman

This article discusses the emergence of the Russian working woman employed in skilled labor from the second half 19th century until the 1930s. In Russia, educated women entered the sphere of socially significant labor during the Great Reforms. The subsequent development largely explains the position of the working woman in modern Russia - hence the topicality of the present paper. Sources for this article are record-keeping documents of tsarist and Soviet institutions, statistical information, press materials as well as memoirs. Among the factors that influenced the formation of the Russian female working class in the pre-revolutionary period were a social movement for the development of female education, the emergence of special vocational schools for women, the Zemstvo reforms, industrialization and, eventually, World War I. The article shows changes in the nature of the employment of women after the 1917 Revolution. The authors document the rapid growth of women’s participation in all spheres of the USSR’s national economy in the 1930s, in particular health care, education, and work in the apparatus of state, party and economic bodies. As a result, during this period the professional traits of the three main types of Soviet female workers were formed: the woman-doctor, the woman-teacher and the womanfunctionary. At the same time, the authors come to the conclusion that Soviet rule brought no fundamental changes in the conditions of everyday life, so that the Soviet woman-intellectual turned out to be a “fighter of two fronts” - labor and domestic.

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