scholarly journals Analisis Kekuatan Alat Bukti Tidak Langsung dalam Pembuktian Dugaan Praktik Kartel

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-47
Author(s):  
Wahyu Dwi Erlangga ◽  
. Arrisman
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence

Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (KPPU) dalam menangani praktik kartel menggunakan pembuktian tidak langsung (indirect evidence) karena para pelaku usaha menggunakan perjanjian secara rahasia atau diam-diam sehingga sulit dibuktikan secara langsung. Praktiknya dalam proses penegakan hukum perkara kartel yang ditangani oleh KPPU maupun peradilan serta Mahkamah Agung terdapat inkonsistensi atau perbedaan pertimbangan hukum terkait keabsahan pembuktian tidak langsung. Melalui penelitian yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder, peneliti ingin mengetahu tentang pembuktian kasus kartel oleh KPPU jika tidak ditemukan alat bukti langsung dan kedudukan alat bukti tidak langsung (circumstantial evidence) dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat, menghasilkan penelitian bahwa KPPU dalam menggunakan pembuktian tidak langsung dilakukan karena dalam praktik kartel perjanjian dilakukan secara diam-diam maupun rahasia, praktiknya dalam Putusan Mahkamah Agung masih terdapat penafsiran atas pembuktian tidak langsung yang belum mengatur keabsahan sebagaimana di dalam UU Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat. Kedudukan alat bukti  tidak langsung seperti  bukti komunikasi dan bukti ekonomi sebagai alat bukti tidak langsung berbeda dengan alat bukti lain baik dalam perdata maupun pidana karena kedudukan bukti tidak langsung hanya sebagai petunjuk serta bukti tambahan pendukung dalam mencari kebenaran materiil praktik monopoli.

scholarly journals BUKTI TIDAK LANGSUNG (INDIRECT EVIDENCE) DALAM PENEGAKAN HUKUM PERSAINGAN USAHA DI INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-200
Author(s):  
Mahmul Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence

Penggunaan bukti tidak langsung (indirect evidence, circumstantial evidence) dalam penegakan UU No.5 Tahun 1999 sangat diperlukan mengingat karakteristik khusus dari hukum persaingan usaha dan perbuatan anti persaingan itu sendiri. Namun demikian, penggunaan bukti tidak langsung tersebut masih mengandung kontraversi dan ketidakpastian hukum. Keberadaan bukti tidak langsung tidak disebutkan secara eksplisit dalam UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 tetapi keberadaannya dikenal luas dalam penegakan hukum persaingan usaha di berbagai negara dan praktek-praktek internasional. Oleh karena itu diperlukan tindakan-tindakan yang strategis untuk mewujudkan kepastian hukum terkait penggunaan bukti tidak langsung

scholarly journals Carga de la prueba y estándar mínimo de la prueba por indicios en materia de responsabilidad por los daños ocasionados por un producto farmacéutico defectuoso (a propósito de la STJUE de 21 de junio de 2017) = Burden of proof and circumstantial evidence standard for pharmaceutical product liability: commentary to ECJ judgment of 21 june 2017

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 709
Author(s):  
Bárbara Sánchez López
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Product Liability ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
The State ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Valid Method

Resumen: La Sentencia del TJUE de 21 de junio de 2017 (Sala 2ª), Sanofi Pasteur MSD SNC, C-621/15, aborda la compatibilidad de la llamada «prueba por indicios» con el art. 4 de la Directiva 85/374, sobre responsabilidad por los daños causados por productos defectuosos, en circunstancias en las que el estado de la ciencia no permite demostrar, pero tampoco excluir, la relación entre un producto farmacéutico y los daños. La sentencia examina las condiciones y los límites que debe reunir y respetar para constituirse en un método válido para levantar la carga de la prueba sobre el carácter defectuoso del producto, el daño causado y la relación de causalidad que el artículo 4 de la Directiva arroja sobre el perjudicado.Palabras clave: prueba por indicios, prueba indirecta, carga de la prueba, valoración probatoria judicial, standard probatorio, presunciones legales, responsabilidad por productos defectuosos.Abstract: The ECJ judgment of 21 June 2017 (Second Chamber), Sanofi Pasteur MSD SNC, C-621/15, addresses the compatibility of the so-called “evidence for presumptions or indications” with art. 4 of Directive 85/374 on liability for damage caused by defective products, in circumstances where the state of science does not allow to demonstrate, but does not exclude, the relation between a pharmaceutical product and the damage. The judgment examines the conditions and limits which it must comply with in order to constitute a valid method of lifting the burden of proof on the defectiveness of the product, the damage caused and the causal link which article 4 of the Directive imposes on the injured.Keywords: circumstantial evidence, indirect evidence, burden of proof, evidence standard, legal presumptions, product liability.

scholarly journals LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE THEORY: STUDY OF THE SUPREME COURT DECISION NUMBER 777/Pid.B/2016/ PN JAKARTA PUSAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Cahya Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Proof Theory ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Evidence Theory ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Supreme Court Decision ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Valid Evidence ◽  
Legal Arguments

<p>As the provisions of Article 183 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the system or theory of proof embraced in Indonesia is a negative evidentiary system of law which, in the case of proof, is based on the evidences established in the law which may provide the judge's confidence. Based on the above matter, the existence of Decision <em>Number 777 / Pid.b / 2016 / PN Jakarta Pusat</em> is important to be studied in the judgment. The judge gives the verdict by using circumstantial evidence proof theory. The case was decided entirely using indirect evidence because there was no eye witness or other direct evidence that could prove the indictment. The discussion was conducted using qualitative approach with normative juridical method. Circumstantial evidence is new among practitioners, legal arguments from experts are needed to sharpen the analysis. The juridical review of the use of circumstantial evidence is divided into two categories that are recognized by the <em>KUHAP</em> and which are not recognized. Circumstantial evidence can be a solution for judges in verifying cases that are considered difficult. In a law-based State, the use of circumstantial evidence theory requires the regulation of valid evidence in accordance with the current development of cases.</p>

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penggunaan Indirect Evidence Dalam Putusan Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (Studi Putusan Nomor 04/Kppu-I/2016)

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Maria Margaretha Christi Ningrum Blegur
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Hard Evidence

Berkembangnya pembuktian tidak langsung dalam Putusan KPPU Nomor 04/KPPU-I/2016 tentang praktek kartel penetapan harga yang dilakukan PT. YIMM dan PT. AHM masih menjadi perdebatan di berbagai kalangan. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh pertimbangan KPPU dalam putusannya tersebut yang menggunakan indirect evidence dengan konsep pembuktian yang belaku di Indonesia. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif, dengan penggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konsep. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa berkembangnya konsep pembuktian melalui hard evidence dan indirect evidence/circumstantial evidence dalam penyelesaian perkara perjanjian penetapan harga yang dilakukan oleh KPPU berdasarkan Perkom No. 4/2011 merupakan bentuk konsekuensi dari sulit dan terbatasnya kewenangan KPPU dalam menemukan alat bukti sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 42 UULPM. Hal ini juga secara langsung dapat menunjukkan adanya pelanggaran yang dilakukan oleh pelaku usaha. Pada dasarnya penggunaan indirect evidence pada pertimbangan KPPU dalam putusan ini sudah tepat dan membawa warna baru pada konsep pembuktian yang berlaku di Indonesia. Selain itu, KPPU dan pemerintah hendaknya menyadari bahwa ketidakjelasan pengaturan mengenai indirect evidence dalam UULPM masih menimbulkan perdebatan. Bercermin dari penggunaan pembuktian melalui bukti komunikasi dan bukti ekonomi sangat efektif dalam penyelesaian perkara kartel penetapan harga, kiranya perlu segera dilakukan pembaharuan pengaturan mengenai indirect evidence dalam UULPM.

scholarly journals THE POSITION OF INDIRECT EVIDENCE AS VERIFICATION TOOLS IN THE CARTEL CASE

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Veri Antoni
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Economic Evidence ◽  
Antimonopoly Law ◽  
Criminal Procedure Law ◽  
Verification Tools

Indirect (circumstantial) evidence, either economic evidence or communication evidence, has been used in cartel cases in many countries such as United States of America, Japan, Australia, Brazil, Malaysia, and others. According to Indonesia criminal procedure law, the position of indirect (circumstantial) evidence is categorized as an indication (clue evidence) whereas according to Indonesia civil procedure law, indirect (circumstantial) evidence is categorized as presumption. Considering the characteristics the antimonopoly law which aims to find material truth, the position of indirect evidence is more properly said to be an indication. Owing to its status as an indication, indirect evidence should be exhibited together with the other direct evidence. Indirect evidenceatau bukti tidak langsung, baik bukti ekonomi atau bukti komunikasi, telah digunakan dalam kasus-kasus kartel di banyak negara, seperti Amerika Serikat, Jepang, Australia, Brazil, Malaysia, dan lain-lain. Menurut hukum acara pidana Indonesia, posisi bukti tidak langsung dikategorikan sebagai indikasi (bukti petunjuk), padahal menurut hukum acara perdata Indonesia, bukti tidak langsung dikategorikan sebagai praduga. Mengingat karakteristik hukum anti-monopoli yang bertujuan untuk mencari kebenaran materiil, posisi bukti tidak langsung lebih tepat dikatakan indikasi. Karena statusnya sebagai indikasi, bukti tidak langsung harus dipamerkan bersama dengan bukti langsung lainnya.

scholarly journals LARANGAN PRAKTIK MONOPOLI DAN PERSAINGAN USAHA TIDAK SEHAT DALAM INDUSTRI SEPEDA MOTOR (KAJIAN PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH AGUNG NOMOR 217 K/PDT.SUS-KPPU/2019)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-68
Author(s):  
Hartanto Hartanto ◽  
Gilang Yudha Wirawan
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Supreme Court Decision ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Motorcycle Industry ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trial Evidence ◽  
Legal Consequences

Business competition is an economic activity that runs in line with technological and industrial advances. With the existence of business competition, the Business Competition Supervisory Commission in Indonesia was formed which aims to supervise and protect business competition. This research will discuss the impact and legal consequences of the KPPU decision to the Supreme Court decision which still considers and uses circumstantial evidence and testimony based on hearing from other people.  Based on the description above, the writer chooses the research title "Judicial Review of the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition in the Motorcycle Industry (Review of Supreme Court Decision No. 217 K / Pdt.Sus-KPPU / 2019) with the formulation of the problem of legal impact from the Assembly's decision. The Cassation Judge proven not to consider and examine the objections / demands of the Cassation Appellant as well as whether the legal consequences of the verdict of the Cassation Panel of Judges use testimony from other people (testimonium de auditu) and indirect evidence (circumstantial evidence / indirect evidence) as a means trial evidence. So the authors want to examine this and use normative research methods that use interviews as supporting data. Keywords: Monopoly, Business Competition, Indirect Evidence

Immunocytochemical Identification of Tubulin Containing Paracrystals in Allogromia Reticulopods

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 486-487
Author(s):  
Gerald Rupp
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Ultrastructural Analysis ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Intermediate Form

The marine protozoan Allogromia sp, strain NF Lee extends an elaborate reticulopodial network (RN) which contains an elongate microtubule-(MT)-based cytoskeleton. The MTs are located primarily within cytoplasmic fibrils which are visible by light microscopy (LM) in highly flattened or “two dimensionalized” reticulopodia. It was shown previously that allogromiid RNs withdraw in response to hypertonic Mg2+-seawater. An ultrastructural analysis of this phenomenon indicated that large patches of paracrystalline (PC) material, composed of helical filament aggregates, form concomitant with a decrease in MT number. Similar large patches of PC aggregates are also found in juvenile Allogromia before they extend a RN, which disappear during RN formation. Finally, PC aggregates are occasionally seen near microtubules in normal untreated RNs. Thus there is circumstantial evidence to propose that PC aggregates in Allogromia represent an intermediate form of tubulin; however, more definitive biochemical or immunocytochemical data is not available.

Efficacy of Crisis Intervention

Crisis ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Reisch ◽  
Petra Schlatter ◽  
Wolfgang Tschacher
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Term Therapy ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Step Therapy ◽  
Long Term Therapy ◽  
The Impact

This study assesses the efficacy of the treatment approach implemented in the Bern Crisis Intervention Program, where particular emphasis is placed on the remediation of suicide ideation and suicidal behavior, and depression, fear, and phobia are generally considered to be contributing factors. Four questionnaires addressing psychopathology, emotional well-being, social anxiety, and personality were administered prior to and after the treatment of 51 patients over a period of 2 to 3 weeks. The reduction of symptoms contributing to suicidal ideation and behavior was interpreted as indirect evidence of an antisuicidal effect of the program. Significant improvements were found in the psychopathology ratings, with depression and anxiety showing the largest reductions. The impact on personality and social phobia, however, was only moderate, and on average patients still exhibited symptoms after attending the program. This residual symptomatology points to the necessity of introducing a two-step therapy approach of intensive intervention targeted at the precipitating causes of the crisis, augmented by long-term therapy to treat underlying problems.

Prevalence of Factor V Leiden Mutation in Non-European Populations

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (02) ◽  
pp. 329-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guglielmina Pepe ◽  
Olga Rickards ◽  
Olga Camacho Vanegas ◽  
Tamara Brunelli ◽  
Anna Maria Gori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor V Leiden ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Factor V ◽  
Factor V Leiden Mutation ◽  
The World ◽  
Fv Leiden ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
European Populations ◽  
Apparently Healthy

SummaryA difference in the prevalence of venous thromboembolism (TE) in major human groups has been described and an uneven distribution of FV Leiden mutation over the world has recently been reported.We investigated FV Leiden mutation in 584 apparently healthy sub#jects mostly from populations different from those previously investi#gated: 170 Europeans (Spanish, Italians), 101 sub-saharan Africans (Fon, Bariba, Berba, Dendi), 115 Asians (Indonesians, Chinese, Tharus), 57 Amerindians (Cayapa), 84 Afroamericans (Rio Cayapa, Viche), and 57 Ethiopians (Amhara, Oromo).The mutation was detected in only 1/115 Asian (Tharu) and in 5/170 Europeans (4 Italians, 1 Spanish).These data confirm that in non-Europeans the prevalence of FV mutation is at least 7 times lower than in Europeans and provide indirect evidence of a low prevalence not only of the FV Leiden gene but also of other genes leading to more severe thrombophilia. Finally, findings from the literature together with those pertaining to this study clearly show a marked heterogeneity among Europeans.

Blood Viscosity and Platelet Aggregation in Male and Female Patients with Transient Ischaemic Attacks (TIA)

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Palareti ◽  
M. Poggi ◽  
G. Fortunato ◽  
S. Coccheri
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Blood Viscosity ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Transient Ischaemic Attacks ◽  
Group A ◽  
Circulating Platelet Aggregates ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Group B ◽  
Almost All

A series of 40 patients with TIA (25 males and 15 females) was thoroughly investigated by means of angiography and computerized tomography, and divided into a group (A) of 15 “sine materia”, and a group (B) of 25 with direct or indirect evidence of vascular occlusive or stenotic changes. Blood viscosity at 230 sec-1 37° was cp 4.2 ± 0.3 in the controls, cp 4.7 ± 0.7 in all patients (p < 0.05) cp 4.98 ± 0.7 in all male patients (p < 0.01 versus male controls), and cp 4.75 ± 0.8 in group B (p < 0.02). Haematocrit and Fibrinogen were also significantly increased in all male patients and in group B. Circulating platelet aggregates (CPA) were increased in 40% of the patients. Almost all patients with elevated CPA were males, with a slight prevalence in group B. Changes in blood viscosity parameters and in platelet aggregation in TIA patients were therefore related both to evidence of vascular lesions, and to sex, since they were found to prevail in male patients of both groups.

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