scholarly journals COVID case fatality in the USA: disparities persist

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Short Fabic ◽  
Yoonjoung Choi ◽  
David Bishai
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality ◽  
The Usa

Acute Pericarditis-Associated Hospitalization in the USA: A Nationwide Analysis, 2003-2012

Cardiology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilay Kumar ◽  
Ambarish Pandey ◽  
Priyank Jain ◽  
Neetika Garg
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Hospitalization Rate ◽  
Hospital Charges ◽  
Acute Pericarditis ◽  
Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database ◽  
Population Average ◽  
The Us ◽  
Therapeutic Procedures ◽  
The Usa

Background and Objectives: Epidemiologic data on hospitalizations for acute pericarditis are scarce. We sought to study the trends in these hospitalizations and outcomes in the USA over a 10-year period. Methods: We used the 2003-2012 Nationwide Inpatient Sample database to identify admissions with a primary diagnosis of acute pericarditis. Outcomes included hospitalization rate, case fatality rate (CFR), length of stay (LOS), hospital charges, complications and diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Results: We observed an estimated 135,710 hospitalizations for acute pericarditis among patients ≥16 years during the study period (mean age 53.5 ± 18.5 years; 40.5% women). The incidence of acute pericarditis hospitalizations was significantly higher for men than for women [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.56; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.54-1.58; p < 0.001]; it decreased from 66 to 54 per million person-years (p < 0.001). CFR and LOS declined significantly during the study period (CFR: 2.2% in 2003 to 1.4% in 2012; LOS: 4.8 days in 2003 to 4.1 days in 2012; p < 0.001 for both). The average inflation-adjusted health-care charge increased from USD 31,242 to 38,947 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The hospitalization rate, CFR and LOS associated with acute pericarditis have declined significantly in the US population. Average charges for acute pericarditis hospitalization have increased.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of gastric cancer in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Celestin Danwang ◽  
Jean Joel Bigna
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Statistical Heterogeneity ◽  
The Usa

Abstract Background Gastric cancer is actually known as the sixth most frequent cancer and the second cancer-related cause of death worldwide. If studies giving an overview of current epidemiology of gastric cancer in Europe, Asia, and the USA are available, in Africa, studies reporting recent data on gastric cancer are sparse. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim therefore to provide relevant data on contemporary epidemiology of gastric cancer in Africa in terms of prevalence, incidence, and case fatality rate. Methods and design We will include cohort, case-control, cross-sectional studies, and case series with more than 30 participants. EMBASE, PubMed, Africa Index Medicus, Africa Journals Online, and Web of Science will be searched for relevant abstracts of studies published and unpublished between January 1, 2000, and April 30, 2019, without language restriction. The review will be reported according to the MOOSE (Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guideline. After screening of abstracts, study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment, we shall assess the studies individually for clinical and statistical heterogeneity. Random-effect meta-analysis will be used to pool studies judged to be clinically homogenous. The Egger test and visual inspection of funnel plots will be used to assess publication bias. Discussion This review will provide relevant data on the current burden of gastric cancer in Africa. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42019130348.

scholarly journals Evaluation & Management of Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding (OGIB)

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
S Perveen ◽  
MR Hossain ◽  
SMB Hussain ◽  
MA Ahmed ◽  
H Aftab
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽  
Gi Bleeding ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Angiography ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology

Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common entity. Incidence of bleeding has comparatively increased though case fatality is static. Despite improved treatments and better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease the rising figures of GI bleeding reflect an increasing proportion of elderly population and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory use. Overall, 5% of all cases of gastrointestinal bleeding fall under the category of Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) in the USA. Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding is defined as bleeding of unknown origin that persists or recurs after an initial negative endoscopic evaluation including colonoscopy and/or upper endoscopy. OGIB can be either Occult (no visible blood) or Overt (Passage of visible blood).Less common aetiologies of GI bleeding e.g. Cameron erosions, Dieulafoy’s lesion, Watermelon stomach that are sometimes difficult to identify at endoscopy often present as OGIB. They need special techniques even thrombolytic therapy to precipitate bleeding for diagnostic angiography. Increased awareness of the existence of such conditions help in rapid and accurate identification of the lesion. Review of such cases will be the focus of this publication. DOI: 10.3329/jbcps.v28i3.6512J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2010; 28: 174-182

Epidemiology of paediatric trauma presenting to US emergency departments: 2006–2012

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob B Avraham ◽  
Misha Bhandari ◽  
Spiros G Frangos ◽  
Deborah A Levine ◽  
Michael G Tunik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Trauma Centre ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Paediatric Trauma ◽  
The Usa

BackgroundTraumatic injury is the leading cause of paediatric morbidity and mortality in the USA. We present updated national data on emergency department (ED) discharges for traumatic injury for a recent 7-year period.MethodsWe conducted a descriptive epidemiological analysis of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample Survey, the largest and most comprehensive database in the USA, for 2006–2012. Among children and adolescents, we tracked changes in injury mechanism and severity, cost of care, injury intent and the role of trauma centres.ResultsThere was an 8.3% (95% CI 7.7 to 8.9) decrease in the annual number of ED visits for traumatic injury in children and adolescents over the study period, from 8 557 904 (SE=5861) in 2006 to 7 846 912 (SE=5191) in 2012. The case-fatality rate was 0.04% for all injuries and 3.2% for severely injured children. Children and adolescents with high-mortality injury mechanisms were more than three times more likely to be treated at a level 1 trauma centre (OR=3.5, 95% CI 3.3 to 3.7), but were more no more likely to die (OR=0.96, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.00). Traumatic brain injury diagnoses increased 22.2% (95% CI 20.6 to 23.9) during the study period. Intentional assault accounted for 3% (SE=0.1) of all child and adolescent ED injury discharges and 7.2% (SE=0.3) of discharges among 15–19 year-olds. There was an 11.3% (95% CI 10.0 to 12.6) decline in motor vehicle injuries from 2009 to 2012. The total cost of care was $23 billion (SE=0.01), a 78% increase from 2006 to 2012.ConclusionsThis analysis presents a recent portrait of paediatric trauma across the USA. These analyses indicate the important role and value of trauma centre care for injured children and adolescents, and that the most common causes and mechanisms of injury are preventable.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF CHRONIC DISEASES ON THE MANIFESTATION OF COVID-19 INFECTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 126-132
Author(s):  
S. O. Yastremska ◽  
O. M. Krekhovska-Lepiavko ◽  
B. A. Lokay ◽  
O. V. Bushtynska ◽  
S. V. Danchak
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
One Year ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Summary. The first known case of infection from the novel coronavirus was recorded almost one year ago, in China’s Hubei province. The city of Wuhan was infamous the world over as the original virus epicenter, seeing more than half of China’s reported cases and deaths. The outbreak of COVID-19 virus, as sickened more than 14.7 million people. At least 610.200 people have died. The aim of the study – to analyze and systematize the literature data about the influence of chronic diseases on the manifestation of COVID-19 infection. Materials and Methods. The study uses publications of the world scientific literature on COVID-19 infection, in particular the causes and mechanisms of its development, treatment, complications and its consequences as well as the influence of different chronic disorders on the course of COVID-19. Results. A sample of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 across 14 states of the USA in March was analyzed by The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It was found that many (89 %) had underlying health problem and 94 % of patients were at the age 65 and older. The case fatality rate for those under age 60 was 1.4 percent. For those over age 60, the fatality rate jumps to 4.5 percent. The older the population, the higher the fatality rate. For those 80 and over, Covid-19 appears to have a 13.4 percent fatality rate. Moreover, it was recognized, that older adults don't present in a typical way of the course of different disorders, and we're seeing that with Covid-19 as well. Conclusions. Chronic diseases and conditions are on the rise worldwide. COVID-19 became the most challenging pandemic influencing all countries worldwide. Chronic diseases are suggested to be one of the main causes of different life-threatening complications of COVID-19 infection and one of the main factors of poor prognosis for the patients.

scholarly journals Incidence and Case-Fatality Ratio of COVID-19 infection in relation to Tobacco Smoking, Population Density and Age Demographics in the USA: could Particulate Matter derived from Tobacco Smoking act as a Vector for COVID-19 transmission?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Muscat Baron
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The State ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Case Fatality Ratio ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Usa

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDTobacco smoking is known to increase the risk for bacterial and viral respiratory infections and this also applies to second-hand smoking. Smoking has been shown to increase the severity of COVID-19 infection and the consequent risk for intra-tracheal ventilation in smokers. Tobacco smoking exposes the user and nearby individuals to very high concentrations of particulate matter in a short period of time. Genes appertaining to COVID-19 have been found adherent to particulate matter. Particulate matter has been shown to travel beyond the social distance of 2 metres up to 10 metres. COVID-19 related mortality has been linked to elevated atmospheric levels of the particulate matter, PM2.5. The aim of the study was to observe the incidence of infection rate and case fatality ratios in the USA, comparing States with partial bans on tobacco smoking, to States with more restrictive smoking regulation, exploring a possible link between smoke-related particulate matter and COVID-19 transmission.METHODOLOGYTwo groups of USA States, differentiated by the degree of smoking legislative restrictions, had a number of variables compared. The incidence of COVID-19 infection, case-fatality ratio and testing frequency were obtained from the John Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Centre. The degree of smoking bans in the USA States was obtained from the websites of the Nonsmokers Rights Foundation. The percentage of the State population which smokes was collected from the Centres of Disease Control database. Population density, Body Mass Index and population percentages of individuals 65+/75+years were obtained from databases concerning USA demographics.RESULTSWith the available data there was no significant difference in COVID-19 testing prevalence between the partial smoking ban group and the more restrictive regulated group. The incidence of COVID-19 infection in the States with limited bans on tobacco smoking was 2046/100,000 (sd+/-827) while the infection incidence in States with more restrictive rulings on tobacco smoking was 1660/100,000 (sd+/-686) (p<0.038). The population percentage of smokers in States with minor limitations to smoking was 18.3% (sd+/-3.28), while States with greater smoking restrictions had a smoking population percentage of 15.2% (sd+/-2.68) (p<0.0006).The two populations of both groups did not differ numerically (p<0.24) and numbered 157,820,000 in the partial smoking ban group and 161,439,356 in the more restrictive group. Population density correlated significantly with the case-fatality ratio (R=0.66 p<0.0001), as did the 75+year age group (R=0.29 p<0.04). Reflecting the possibility of trans-border transmission, the smoking status of adjacent partial smoking ban States may influence the COVID-19 incidence of bordering States (e.g. Utah) even if the smoking regulations of the latter were stricter than the former.Other factors that could impact the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA such as the State case-fatality ratio, population density, population percentage with elevated body mass index and the percentage of the state population aged 65years or above did not show any significant difference between both groups of States.CONCLUSIONStates in the USA with high levels of tobacco smoking and limited regulation had significantly higher rates of COVID-19 infection incidences than States with greater smoking restrictions. Population density and the age group of 75+years, showed a positive significant correlation with the case-fatality ratio. Besides the adverse effects of tobacco smoking on pulmonary defences, it would be interesting to explore the possibility of infection transmission via coronavirus-laden particulate matter from exhaled fumes derived from tobacco smoking.

scholarly journals Quantifying and reporting cardiac findings in imaging of COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Kumar Mishra ◽  
Amos Lal ◽  
Kamal Kant Sahu ◽  
Mark Kranis ◽  
Jennifer Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Improvement ◽  
Acute Myocarditis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fulminant Myocarditis ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Acute Myocardial Injury ◽  
Significant Clinical Improvement ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Mediastinal Involvement ◽  
And Function

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection continues to be a public health emergency and a pandemic of international concern. As of April 31st,  the reported cases of COVID-19 are three million in 186 countries. Reported case fatality has crossed 200 thousand among which more than fifty thousand has been in the USA. Most patients present with symptoms of fever, cough, and shortness of breath following exposure to other COVID-19 patients. Respiratory manifestations predominate in patients with mild, moderate, severe illness. Imaging of patients with COVID-19 consistently reports various pulmonary parenchymal involvement. In this article we wanted to reinforce and review the various reported imaging patterns of cardiac and mediastinal involvement in COVID-19 patients. Among patients with COVID 19 who underwent various imaging of chest various cardiac findings including pericardial effusion, myocarditis, cardiomegaly has been reported. Most of these findings have been consistently reported in patients with significant acute myocardial injury, and fulminant myocarditis. Acute biventricular dysfunction has also been reported with subsequent improvement of the same following clinical improvement. Details of cardiac MRI is rather limited. In a patient with clinical presentation of acute myocarditis, biventricular myocardial interstitial edema, diffuse biventricular hypokinesia, increased ventricular wall thickness, and severe LV dysfunction has been reported. Among patients with significant clinical improvement in LV structure and function has also been documented. With increasing number of clinical cases, future imaging studies will be instrumental in identifying the various cardiac manifestations, and their relation to clinical outcome.

scholarly journals Current Epidemiology of Serogroup W Meningococcal Disease—United States, 2010–2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S7-S7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Soeters ◽  
Amy Blain ◽  
How-Yi Chang ◽  
Melissa Whaley ◽  
Jessica Macneil
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Clonal Complex ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Stable Range ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background Serogroup W (NmW) meningococcal disease is a rare but severe infection. Following an NmW outbreak after the Hajj in 2000, NmW disease, predominantly caused by sequence type (ST)-11 clonal complex (cc), rapidly increased in South Africa, South America, and the UK. We describe NmW meningococcal disease epidemiology in the USA during 2010–2015. Methods Data were collected from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, Active Bacterial Core surveillance, and state health departments. Isolates were serogrouped via slide agglutination and real-time polymerase chain reaction. For cases lacking a serogroup result at CDC, the state result was used. Case-fatality ratios (CFR) were calculated using the proportion of cases with known outcomes as the denominator. cc and ST were determined using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results From 2010 to 2015, 3,504 meningococcal disease cases were reported to CDC; 2,976 (85%) had a serogroup result, of which 290 (10%) were NmW. Although the number of NmW cases reported annually remained fairly stable (range: 40–57), the total number of reported meningococcal disease cases decreased by 60%, and the proportion of cases due to NmW increased from 6% (42/830) in 2010 to 12% (40/332) in 2015. The majority of NmW cases were reported from five states: Florida (n = 106), California (n = 31), New York (n = 25), Georgia (n = 19), and Oregon (n = 11). Half of people with NmW disease were male, 185 (64%) were white, and 84 (29%) were Hispanic. The median age was 51 years (interquartile range: 26–70). Overall, 20% (52/259) of NmW cases were fatal, compared with CFRs for serogroups B (15%), Y (18%), or C (24%). NmW CFR was highest among adults aged 50–59 years (38%). MLST results were available for 119 (41%) of NmW cases: 76 (64%) were cc11, 40 (34%) were cc22, and 1 each were cc23, cc32, and an unassigned cc. cc appeared to be geographically associated: cc11 was concentrated in Florida and Georgia, while cc22 predominated on the West coast. Within cc11, the majority of isolates (86%) were ST-11, and within cc22 the majority (73%) were ST-22. Conclusion A rapid increase in NmW disease has not been observed in the USA. Most NmW cases were reported in a limited number of states, with geographic differences in clonal complex. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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