scholarly journals Imperialismo en el siglo XXI

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 49-74
Author(s):  
John Smith ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Neoliberal Globalization ◽  
The North ◽  
Foreign Labor ◽  
Economic Foundation ◽  
The Difference

The globalization of production and its spread to low-income countries is the most notable transformation of the neoliberal era. Its driving force is the efforts by companies in Europe, North America and Japan to cut costs and raise profits, replacing relatively well-paid domestic labor for cheaper foreign labor. The gap in global wages, in great part the result of the suppression of the free movement of labor, provides a distorted view of the global differences in the rate of exploitation (simply, the difference between the value generated by the workers and what they are paid) upon which profits, prosperity and social peace in Europe, North America and Japan are ever-more reliant. Thus, neoliberal globalization should be seen as a new imperialist stage in capitalist development, where «imperialism» is defined by its economic foundation: the exploitation of labor in the South by capitalists from the North.

IPRs and Innovation, Technology Transfer, and Economic Welfare

2020 ◽  
pp. 1536-1568
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Gil ◽  
Luis Angel Madrid ◽  
Carlos Hernán Fajardo
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Transfer Of Technology ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dissemination Of Technology

The TRIPS agreement states that Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) protection should contribute to the promotion of technological innovation, economic welfare, and to the transfer and dissemination of technology. However, there is still no consensus on whether IPRs protection has achieved its goal. Thus, the chapter provides a discussion on how the impact of IPRs on innovation, technology transfer, and economic welfare is affected by the difference in the income level of the countries. The results suggest that in high-income and upper middle-income countries, IPRs have a positive impact in these variables. Nevertheless, it seems that in lower middle-income and low-income countries, IPRs have not increased innovation, spurred transfer of technology. or created economic welfare.

AN EVALUATION OF THE GRAVITY CONTROL NETWORK IN NORTH AMERICA

Geophysics ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Behrendt ◽  
G. P. Woollard
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geodetic Survey ◽  
Control Network ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The North ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
Systematic Correction ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference

Observations with a LaCoste and Romberg geodetic gravimeter having a very low nearly linear drift rate, a high reading precision, and a world wide range were made at approximately three hundred sites in order to check and extend the gravity control network in North America. The sites occupied were mostly at former gravimeter bases located at airports, harbors, universities, and pendulum stations. The instrument was calibrated against the North American standardization range of pendulum measurements from Paso de Cortes, Mexico, to Fairbanks, Alaska, using the weighted mean values of the observations established with the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Cambridge University (England), and Gulf‐University of Wisconsin pendulum equipment. A statistical evaluation of the precision of the network based on the reoccupations at 40 major control stations gives an estimated standard deviation of 0.08 mgal. The airport network of bases previously reported by Woollard (1958) that was established with high range Worden gravity meters was found to require a systematic correction of 0.3 mgal per 1,000 mgal change because of the difference in calibration standard used. The adjusted values for the forty airport stations reoccupied agree on the average to 0.2 mgal with the results of this study. The reoccupations of the old pendulum observation sites of the U. S. Coast and Goedetic Survey suggest that much of this network is in error by over 3 mgals. Descriptions of sites occupied and the principal facts for position, elevation, observed gravity, and free‐air and Bouguer anomalies are presented.

scholarly journals Nitrogen oxides in the boundary layer and free troposphere at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 6043-6062 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Reidmiller ◽  
D. A. Jaffe ◽  
E. V. Fischer ◽  
B. Finley
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
North America ◽  
Gulf Of Alaska ◽  
Aleutian Islands ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
The North ◽  
Synoptic Conditions ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. Nitrogen oxide (NOx=NO+NO2) observations were made at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory in central Oregon, USA (MBO; 2.73 km above sea level) during one autumn and three springtime (15 April–20 May) periods. This is the first study to discuss interannual variability in NOx for this region. NOx concentrations (mean±1σ) for spring 2007, 2008 and 2009 were 119±65, 117±65, and 91±54 pptv, respectively. The difference in mean mixing ratios between 2007 and 2008 is not statistically significant, whereas the difference between these years and 2009 is significant (p<0.01). We attribute the decline in NOx from 2007–2008 to 2009 to changes in free tropospheric synoptic conditions over the Northeast Pacific and trans-Pacific transport pathways during spring 2009. In 2009, there were: (1) higher geopotential heights over the Gulf of Alaska, (2) warmer temperatures over the Aleutian Islands/Gulf of Alaska and (3) much weaker winds throughout the North Pacific. During the autumn 2008 campaign, NOx concentrations (mean±1σ) were 175±548 pptv. The highly non-normal distribution of data (skewness coefficient of 19.1 vs. 2.5, 2.8 and 2.4 in spring 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively) resulted from periods of very high NOx levels. Using MODIS Rapid Response (Aqua and Terra) results, we show that during autumn our site can be heavily influenced by wildfires in western North America. This is in contrast to springtime, when the smaller positive (i.e., right) tail of the NOx distribution is driven largely by Asian long-range transport (ALRT) events. We developed a novel means of segregating boundary layer (BL)-influenced vs. free tropospheric (FT) air. During spring 2008 we collected "chairlift soundings" of temperature, relative humidity and pressure in an effort to better understand the diurnal pattern of a BL influence at our summit station. Results from this experiment revealed that, on average, a BL influence begins around 10:00 PDT (UTC – 07:00 h) in spring. Using this information to isolate FT air, we characterize probable pollution sources and synoptic conditions for the top 20 FT NOx events over three spring campaigns. Half (n=10) of these 20 events were determined to be "Imported" events characterized by anomalously: (1) high geopotential heights off the west coast of North America, (2) warm temperatures stretching from the Aleutian Islands to Baja California, and (3) strong southwesterly winds in the Asian outflow region. Five events exhibited an influence from the North American continent. These events are characterized by very strong cyclonic behavior off the northwestern USA coast.

scholarly journals Nitrogen oxides in the boundary layer and free troposphere at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 5751-5801 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Reidmiller ◽  
D. A. Jaffe ◽  
E. V. Fischer ◽  
B. Finley
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
North America ◽  
Gulf Of Alaska ◽  
Aleutian Islands ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
The North ◽  
Synoptic Conditions ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. Nitrogen oxide (NOx = NO + NO2) observations were made at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory in central Oregon, USA (MBO; 2.73 km above sea level) during one autumn and three springtime (15 April–20 May) periods. This is the first study to discuss interannual variability in NOx for this region. NOx concentrations (mean ±1σ) for spring 2007, 2008 and 2009 were 119±65, 117±65, and 91±54 pptv, respectively. The difference in mean mixing ratios between 2007 and 2008 is not statistically significant, whereas the difference between these years and 2009 is significant (p<0.01). We attribute the decline in NOx from 2007–2008 to 2009 to changes in free tropospheric synoptic conditions over the Northeast Pacific and trans-Pacific transport pathways during spring 2009. In 2009, there were: (1) higher geopotential heights over the Gulf of Alaska, (2) warmer temperatures over the Aleutian Islands/Gulf of Alaska and (3) much weaker winds throughout the North Pacific. During the autumn 2008 campaign, NOx concentrations (mean ±1σ) were 175±548 pptv. The highly non-normal distribution of data (skewness coefficient of 19.1 vs. 2.5, 2.8 and 2.4 in spring 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively) resulted from periods of very high NOx levels. Using MODIS Rapid Response (Aqua and Terra) results, we show that during autumn our site can be heavily influenced by wildfires in western North America. This is in contrast to springtime, when the smaller positive (i.e., right) tail of the NOx distribution is driven largely by Asian long-range transport (ALRT) events. We developed a novel means of segregating boundary layer (BL)-influenced vs. free tropospheric (FT) air. During spring 2008 we collected "chairlift soundings" of temperature, relative humidity and pressure in an effort to better understand the diurnal pattern of a BL influence at our summit station. Results from this experiment revealed that, on average, a BL influence begins around 10:00 PDT (UTC – 7 h) in spring. Using this information to isolate FT air, we characterize probable pollution sources and synoptic conditions for the top 20 FT NOx events over three spring campaigns. Half (n = 10) of these 20 events were determined to be "Imported" events characterized by anomalously: (1) high geopotential heights off the west coast of North America, (2) warm temperatures stretching from the Aleutian Islands to Baja California, and (3) strong southwesterly winds in the Asian outflow region. Five events exhibited an influence from the North American continent. These events are characterized by very strong cyclonic behavior off the northwestern USA coast.

Physico-chemical characterization of the soils of the watersheds of Boukombe in North-West Benin

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 035-054
Author(s):  
Kombienou Pocoun Damè
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Infertile Soils

This study addresses the specificities of soils in low-income countries. These infertile soils are characterized by low levels of agricultural productivity and the disappearance of long-term fallow, which is gradually giving way to shorter-term fallow and sedentary agriculture. The overall objective was to assess the physico-chemical characteristics of the soils of the Boukombe watersheds in the north-west of Atacora in Benin. Soil studies of 15 farm sites from which soils were sampled at the [0-20] cm horizon with 30 composite samples and statistical analyzes were performed. The results of particle size analysis showed predominance (68%) of a textural dimorphism with a sandy loam character and a relatively stable structure. The soils are generally acidic (pH ≤ 5), sodium in places and poor in Organic Matter (0.3%), particularly in the plateau. Mountain lands have soils richer in OM (4%), but poor in nitrogen with a content of between [0.02-0.14%], the C / N ratio at 3% lower than 12. The contents nutrients and minerals are accumulated at the bottom of slopes (2.23% carbon, 0.14% nitrogen) and at the top of slopes (14ppm of phosphorus) under Fonio. These soils remain in a fragile state, subjecting them to the process of intense erosion. The degradation, silting up and progressive acidification of soils constitute the main constraints of agricultural production, the solution of which is based on restoring their fertility by rehabilitating dikes and removing silt.

scholarly journals SDG partnerships may perpetuate the global North–South divide

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Blicharska ◽  
Claudia Teutschbein ◽  
Richard J. Smithers
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Agenda 2030 ◽  
The North ◽  
Third Sector Organisations ◽  
Other World ◽  
Access To Data

AbstractThe 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development gives equal emphasis to developed (“Northern”) countries and developing (“Southern”) countries. Thus, implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) demands coherent collaboration to transform society across all countries. Yet, there has been little research published on SDG partnerships and this is the first study to explore the extent to which partners from Northern and Southern countries are involved in them and their focus. It identifies that involvement is unequally distributed and may perpetuate the North–South divide in countries’ resources, including access to data and scientific capacities. Most notably, partners from low-income countries are involved in far fewer partnerships than partners from countries in all other World Bank income categories, although the former are least able to develop sustainably. As such, all those promoting sustainable development from governmental, private and third-sector organisations need to address global inequalities in establishing and implementing SDG partnerships if, collectively, they are to facilitate delivery of Agenda 2030.

scholarly journals Lifestyles and living standard disparities in the pandemicity of COVID-19 in the Global North versus the Global South Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takele Taye Desta
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Global South ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
The North ◽  
Global North ◽  
The Tropics

The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic is imposing an extraordinary threat to global health. Consequently, fear has been raised in that the COVID-19 pandemic could disproportionately affect lowincome countries. Low-income countries are mainly concentrated in the Global South of the tropics with a high diversity of pathogens, and a considerable proportion of people living under chronic poverty. All these risks might have made Southern people develop a sort of herd immunity and resilience against a broad range of infections. The analysis of the COVID-19 Worldometers data by using country-, territory-, or conveyance-wise summarized in Global North (64 countries) and Global South (147 countries) suggested the high incidence of COVID-19 infection in the North world countries. However, this should be treated with caution given the low testing and contact tracing, and presumably reporting capacity, by the South World countries. Nevertheless, Southern people are living under minimal healthcare, consequently, their relative wellness amidst the COVID-19 crisis could not be overlooked. The observed differences in infectivity, however, might not be ethnically-biased but most likely they could be due to the differences in the living standard, healthcare systems as well as the lifestyle of Global North versus Global South countries.

scholarly journals Does BCG protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection ?: elements of proof

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yassine Ouanes ◽  
Mokhtar Bibi ◽  
Nesrine Baradai ◽  
Marouane Boukhris ◽  
Kays Chaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Lower Mortality ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Immunization Policy ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACTBackgroundThere are several factors explaining the difference in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection including the BCG vaccination. This fact is supported by the concept of beneficial non specific effect of this live vaccine associated to its interaction with the immune system.Our study aims to identify the correlation between the universal BCG vaccination policy and the mortality attributed to COVID-19.MethodsWe conducted an epidemiological study in which we collected COVID-19 pandemic data of April 11th, 2020 from the web site worldometers.info. The exclusion criteria for our study were a number of inhabitants less than one million, low-income countries according to the World Bank classification, a total number of infection cases less than 500 and countries that have performed less than one hundred tests per million inhabitants.ResultsCountries that never had universal BCG vaccination policy have a higher mortality (correlated to performed diagnostic tests) attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection (p<0.001).We found that the year of introduction of vaccination influenced significantly the mortality. Countries that started immunization policy before 1960 had more favorable results (p=0.049).For countries that started the BCG vaccination after 1960, countries with current policies have lower mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection than countries that have stopped immunization (p=0.047).ConclusionsCountries that have a BCG vaccination policy have a lower mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The populations of countries that applied this immunization before 1960 are more protected even if this universal policy has been interrupted.

IPRs and Innovation, Technology Transfer, and Economic Welfare

2017 ◽  
pp. 91-131
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Gil ◽  
Luis Angel Madrid ◽  
Carlos Hernán Fajardo
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Transfer Of Technology ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dissemination Of Technology

The TRIPS agreement states that Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) protection should contribute to the promotion of technological innovation, economic welfare, and to the transfer and dissemination of technology. However, there is still no consensus on whether IPRs protection has achieved its goal. Thus, the chapter provides a discussion on how the impact of IPRs on innovation, technology transfer, and economic welfare is affected by the difference in the income level of the countries. The results suggest that in high-income and upper middle-income countries, IPRs have a positive impact in these variables. Nevertheless, it seems that in lower middle-income and low-income countries, IPRs have not increased innovation, spurred transfer of technology. or created economic welfare.

Lyell on the Geological Similarity of North America and Europe

1982 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-47
Author(s):  
Leonard Wilson
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
North American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Atlantic Coastal Plain ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
Land Area ◽  
The North ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Atlantic Coastal

During his travels in America in 1841-1842 and 1845-1846, Charles Lyell was impressed by the difference of the living flora and fauna of North America from those of Europe. The fossil shells of the Cretaceous strata of New Jersey and of the Tertiary formations of the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the United States showed that North America had also constituted a separate biological region during the Cretaceous and throughout the Tertiary. By contrast, the fossil plants of North American coal formations were so closely similar to those of Europe that Lyell concluded that during the Carboniferous, Europe and North America must have formed a continuous land area. As evidence of a former land connection between North America and Europe, Lyell observed that the distribution of sediments among the strata of the Appalachians indicated that the Carboniferous strata of North America had been derived from land lying to the East — where the Atlantic Ocean now is. Similarly, the North American Silurian and other Paleozoic systems contained fossils similar to those of Europe, and their sediments were so distributed as to suggest that they had been derived from land lying to the East. Lyell pointed out the ancient uniformity of European and American fossil life, without being able to explain it.

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