scholarly journals Trends in Regional Inequalities in Pakistan: Evidence Since 1998

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (Special Edition) ◽  
pp. 205-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajjad Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Preliminary Attempt ◽  
Regional Inequalities ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Fiscal Incentives ◽  
Resource Transfers ◽  
Fiscal Resource

Periodic research and documentation of the extent and nature of inter-regional and intra-regional inequalities is a pre-requisite for formulating cost effective interventions for the promotion of spatially balanced and sustainable development. These interventions can be in the shape of increased fiscal resource transfers and/or fiscal incentives to the private sector for promoting investments in lagging regions. The analysis of inter-regional and intra-regional consumption and non-consumption inequalities in this paper are a preliminary attempt at assessing their status.

scholarly journals Poor availability of essential medicines for women and children threatens progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3 in Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (Suppl 9) ◽  
pp. e001306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benson Droti ◽  
Kathryn Patricia O’Neill ◽  
Matthews Mathai ◽  
Delanyo Yao Tsidi Dovlo ◽  
Jane Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Children’S Medicines

BackgroundMost maternal and child deaths are preventable or treatable with proven, cost-effective interventions for infectious diseases and maternal and neonatal complications. In 2015 sub-Saharan Africa accounted for up to 66% of global maternal deaths and half of the under-five deaths. Access to essential medicines and commodities and trained healthcare workers to provide life-saving maternal, newborn and post-natal care are central to further reductions in maternal and child mortality.MethodsAvailable data for 24 priority medicines for women and children were extracted from WHO service availability and readiness assessments conducted between 2012 and 2015 for eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The mean availability of medicines in facilities stating they provide services for women or children and differences by facility type, ownership and location are reported.ResultsThe mean availability of 12 priority essential medicines for women ranged from 22% to 40% (median 33%; IQR 12%) and 12 priority medicines for children ranged from 28% to 57% (median 50%; IQR 14%). Few facilities (<1%) had all nominated medicines available. There was higher availability of priority medicines for women in hospitals than in primary care facilities: range 32%–80% (median 61%) versus 20%–39% (median 23%) and for children’s medicines 31%–71% (median 58%) versus 27%–57% (median 48%). Availability was higher in public than private facilities: for women’s medicines, range 21%–41% (median 34%) versus 4%–36% (median 27%) and for children’s medicines 28%–58% (median 51%) versus 5%–58% (median 46%). Patterns were mixed for rural and urban location for the priority medicines for women, but similar for children’s medicines.ConclusionsThe survey results show unacceptably low availability of priority medicines for women and children in the eight countries. Governments should ensure the availability of medicines for mothers and children if they are to achieve the health sustainable development goals.

scholarly journals Assessment of Energy Transition Policy in Taiwan—A View of Sustainable Development Perspectives

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4402
Author(s):  
Chun-Kai Wang ◽  
Chien-Ming Lee ◽  
Yue-Rong Hong ◽  
Kan Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Power Generation ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Adaptive Policy ◽  
Electricity Saving ◽  
Transition Policy ◽  
Development Perspective

Energy transition has become a priority for adaptive policy and measures taken in response to climate change around the world. This is an opportunity and a challenge for the Taiwan government to establish a climate-resilient power generation mixed to ensure electricity security as well as climate change mitigation. This study adopted a sustainable development perspective and applied optimal control theory to establish a cost-effective model to evaluate a long-term (2050), climate-resilient power generation mix for Taiwan. Furthermore, this study applies the STIRPAT approach to predict the demand of electricity by 2050 for the demand side management. The results not only showed the share of various power generation mixed, but also recommended the trajectory of electricity saving by 2050.

scholarly journals Predicting employee absenteeism for cost effective interventions

2021 ◽  
pp. 113539
Author(s):  
Natalie Lawrance ◽  
George Petrides ◽  
Marie-Anne Guerry
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Employee Absenteeism

Platelet Inhibitors and Hydroxyethyl Starch: Safe and Cost-Effective Interventions in Coronary Artery Surgery

1985 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 422-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
George L. Hicks ◽  
Lynne A. Jensen ◽  
Lisa H. Norsen ◽  
Jill R. Quinn ◽  
Scott S. Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Hydroxyethyl Starch ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Platelet Inhibitors ◽  
Coronary Artery Surgery ◽  
Effective Interventions

Cultivating Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Socioecological Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Shujuan Yang ◽  
Peng Jia
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Pandemic Preparedness ◽  
Predicting Factors ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Interdisciplinary Framework ◽  
The Individual

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses wide-ranging impacts on the physical and mental health of people around the world, increasing attention from both researchers and practitioners on the topic of resilience. In this article, we review previous research on resilience from the past several decades, focusing on how to cultivate resilience during emerging situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic at the individual, organizational, community, and national levels from a socioecological perspective. Although previous research has greatly enriched our understanding of the conceptualization, predicting factors, processes, and consequences of resilience from a variety of disciplines and levels, future research is needed to gain a deeper and comprehensive understanding of resilience, including developing an integrative and interdisciplinary framework for cultivating resilience, developing an understanding of resilience from a life span perspective, and developing scalable and cost-effective interventions for enhancing resilience and improving pandemic preparedness. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Infrastructure, political economy and Africa’s transformational agenda

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mthuli Ncube ◽  
Charles Leyeka Lufumpa ◽  
George Kararach
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Skills Development ◽  
Economic Governance ◽  
Infrastructure Projects ◽  
Local Capacity

Africa's efforts to achieve sustainable development have been hindered by factors such as skills development and enhancing market access in support of sustainable transformation and infrastructure that promote sustainable development and connectivity in Africa. Continental connectivity and logistical problems are the result of peculiar socio-economic conditions in the region such as geology, poor economic governance and conflict. These issues have direct implications for the implementation of infrastructure projects and the type of public policies needed to foster strategic connectivity. Moreover, the major constraints on infrastructure are not technical but managerial, political, ‘cultural’ and due to a lack of specialised resources. Africa needs to find its own solutions to local capacity and development problems with greater involvement of local private sector partners wherever feasible. A political economy perspective is critical to understand the dynamics around infrastructure deficits as well as associated investments and development.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Relationship with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Fibromyalgia: a Systematic Review of the Literature

2022 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar M. E. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Patient Flow ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
And Control

Abstract Fibromyalgia is a debilitating chronic condition which poses a therapeutic challenge to the clinician. With a large backlog in patient flow subsequent to the COVID-19 pandemic and rising numbers of patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) presenting with fibromyalgia-like clinical features, there is an increasingly pressing need to identify broad cost-effective interventions. Low levels of vitamin D have previously been reported in patients with fibromyalgia, though any causative link has been difficult to establish. A systematic literature review on the association between vitamin D deficiency and fibromyalgia was performed examining retrospective evidence both for and against an association between vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and fibromyalgia and evaluating the therapeutic benefit from supplementation. A group of six studies were selected based on relevance, use of controls, quality of research and citations. Four primary studies assessing the prevalence of VDD in fibromyalgia patients versus controls were evaluated with a total 3,496 subjects. Three included females only and one larger study assessed males. Two (n = 313) concluded the presence of a statistically significant association, and two (n = 161) found none. Two randomised controlled trials assessing the effect of vitamin D supplementation in a total of 80 subjects found conflicting results, with pain reduction in one and none in the other. It is likely there exists an association between VDD deficiency and fibromyalgia in a large subset of patients, although establishing primary causation is difficult. There is a need for larger randomised controlled trial designs with more effective comparison with healthy subjects and control for confounding factors. Given VDD is a major problem in the general population, we recommend supplementation be recommended by healthcare professionals to fibromyalgia patients for the purpose of maintaining bone health given their potentially increased susceptibility to developing deficiency and its sequelae.

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