scholarly journals COMPLEXING IMAGES IN A TWO-CHANNEL OPTICAL-ELECTRONIC SYSTEM AS A METHOD OF REDUCING THE PROBABILITY OF DISAPPOINTING AN AUTOMATIC SURVEILLANCE OF LOW CONTRAST OBJECTS

Doklady BGUIR ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
A. V. Khizhniak
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Optoelectronic System ◽  
Automatic Tracking ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Complex Background ◽  
Masking Interference ◽  
Target Environment ◽  
Automatically Tracking

The paper discusses the work of the correlation algorithm for automatically tracking objects of interest in a two-channel optical-electronic system in a complex background-target environment and the presence of intentional interference. Conditions in which the contrast of the desired object in both channels is negligible but not equal to zero are considered difficult in the paper. Intentional interference refers to masking interference of natural and artificial origin, which helps to reduce the contrast of the object in both channels. By two-channel means an optical-electronic system, which includes channels of the visible and infrared ranges. It is believed that the multi-spectral images of both channels are reduced to a single time and scale, which allows them to be integrated using various methods. The purpose of this paper is to prove that the likelihood of disruption of automatic tracking is reduced when complexing the source images of the visible and infrared ranges, when the contrast of the desired object in both channels is negligible. For research the mathematical apparatus of the theory of random functions and simulation with subsequent statistical data processing are used. It is shown that the probability of disruption, characterized by the ratio of the correlation coefficients of two fragments of images, one of which contains the desired object, and the second not, depends on both the correlation coefficients and the values of their mean square deviations. The simulation shows that the breakdown of tracking occurs both when the mean square deviations of these correlation coefficients are equal, and at their different values, moreover, an increase in their difference increases the probability of a breakdown. The article shows that the likelihood of a breakdown in a two-channel optoelectronic system will decrease when using two channels, compared to working only in the visible or infrared channel. The obtained results substantiate the promise of using image complexing in multichannel systems of automatic tracking of objects in a complex background-target environment and the presence of deliberate interference.

Segmenting Star Images with Complex Backgrounds Based on Correlation between Objects and 1D Gaussian Morphology

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3763
Author(s):  
Yunlong Zou ◽  
Jinyu Zhao ◽  
Yuanhao Wu ◽  
Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Minimum Mean Square Error ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Space Objects ◽  
High Earth Orbits ◽  
Star Images

Space object recognition in high Earth orbits (between 2000 km and 36,000 km) is affected by moonlight and clouds, resulting in some bright or saturated image areas and uneven image backgrounds. It is difficult to separate dim objects from complex backgrounds with gray thresholding methods alone. In this paper, we present a segmentation method of star images with complex backgrounds based on correlation between space objects and one-dimensional (1D) Gaussian morphology, and the focus is shifted from gray thresholding to correlation thresholding. We build 1D Gaussian functions with five consecutive column data of an image as a group based on minimum mean square error rules, and the correlation coefficients between the column data and functions are used to extract objects and stars. Then, lateral correlation is repeated around the identified objects and stars to ensure their complete outlines, and false alarms are removed by setting two values, the standard deviation and the ratio of mean square error and variance. We analyze the selection process of each thresholding, and experimental results demonstrate that our proposed correlation segmentation method has obvious advantages in complex backgrounds, which is attractive for object detection and tracking on a cloudy and bright moonlit night.

Intersession reliability of GPS-based and accelerometer-based physical variables in small-sided games with and without the offside rule

2021 ◽  
pp. 175433712098764
Author(s):  
Igor Junio de Oliveira Custódio ◽  
Gibson Moreira Praça ◽  
Leandro Vinhas de Paula ◽  
Sarah da Glória Teles Bredt ◽  
Fabio Yuzo Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Physical Demands ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
High Level

This study aimed to analyze the intersession reliability of global positioning system (GPS-based) distances and accelerometer-based (acceleration) variables in small-sided soccer games (SSG) with and without the offside rule, as well as compare variables between the tasks. Twenty-four high-level U-17 soccer athletes played 3 versus 3 (plus goalkeepers) SSG in two formats (with and without the offside rule). SSG were performed on eight consecutive weeks (4 weeks for each group), twice a week. The physical demands were recorded using a GPS with an embedded triaxial accelerometer. GPS-based variables (total distance, average speed, and distances covered at different speeds) and accelerometer-based variables (Player Load™, root mean square of the acceleration recorded in each movement axis, and the root mean square of resultant acceleration) were calculated. Results showed that the inclusion of the offside rule reduced the total distance covered (large effect) and the distances covered at moderate speed zones (7–12.9 km/h – moderate effect; 13–17.9 km/h – large effect). In both SSG formats, GPS-based variables presented good to excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients – ICC > 0.62) and accelerometer-based variables presented excellent reliability (ICC values > 0.89). Based on the results of this study, the offside rule decreases the physical demand of 3 versus 3 SSG and the physical demands required in these SSG present high intersession reliability.

scholarly journals A Trigonometric Projection Method for Overcoming High Intensity Heart Rate Caused Waveform Deformation in Electrocardiogram Biometrics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsu-Wang Shen ◽  
Shan-Chun Chang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Biometric Technology ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Electrocardiogram Signal ◽  
Mean Square Difference ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg

Abstract Purpose Although electrocardiogram (ECG) has been proven as a biometric for human identification, applying biometric technology remains challenging with diverse heart rate circumstances in which high intensity heart rate caused waveform deformation may not be known in advance when ECG templates are registered. Methods A calibration method that calculates the ratio of the length of an unidentified electrocardiogram signal to the length of an electrocardiogram template is proposed in this paper. Next, the R peak is used as an axis anchor point of a trigonometric projection (TP) to attain the displacement value. Finally, the unidentified ECG signal is calibrated according to the generated trigonometric value, which corresponds to the trigonometric projection degree of the ratio and the attained displacement measurement. Results The results reveal that the proposed method provides superior overall performance compared with that of the conventional downsampling method, based on the percentage root mean square difference (PRD), correlation coefficients, and mean square error (MSE). Conclusion The curve fitting equation directly maps from the heart rate levels to the TP degree without prior registration information. The proposed ECG calibration method offers a more robust system against heart rate interference when conducting ECG identification.

scholarly journals Influence of Macrotexture and Microtexture on the Skid Resistance of Aggregates

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bowen Guan ◽  
Jiayu Wu ◽  
Chao Xie ◽  
Jianhong Fang ◽  
Haile Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Critical Point ◽  
Friction Surface ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Mean Square

This article intends to study the influence of macrotexture and microtexture on the skid resistance of four types of aggregates. For this purpose, fractal dimension (D), root mean square height (Rq), and Polished Stone Value (PSV) were tested. The Pearson correlation coefficients between PSV and D or Rq in the interval of different polishing cycles were calculated and analyzed with correlation analysis. The relationships between PSV and Rq were also established. The results showed that the PSV development was approximately divided into 3 stages including accelerated attenuation stage, decelerated attenuation stage, and stabilization stage. There is a critical point of the entire polishing cycles. When the number of the polishing cycles exceeds this critical point, microtexture replaces macrotexture to play a major role in the skid resistance of aggregates. In the accelerated attenuation stage, macrotexture plays a major role in the skid resistance of aggregates. In the decelerated attenuation stage and stabilization stage, microtexture gradually plays a major role in the skid resistance of aggregates. Because of roughest microtexture in the stabilization stage, bauxite can provide the highest levels of skid resistance for high friction surface treatment over the long-term period.

The Technology of Merging Single Force Plate Gait Trails to Simulate Full Gait Cycle in Environmental Health Research

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 639-646
Author(s):  
Wang Yi ◽  
Hang Xu ◽  
Andrew Merryweather
Keyword(s):  
Gait Cycle ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Environmental Health Research ◽  
Single Force ◽  
Long Head ◽  
Model Correlation ◽  
Biceps Femoris Long Head

The article studies the way of combining double foot data into one gait cycle from data collected from only one force plate, and the reliability with comparing the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between combined and original trails is validated. The joint moment values, knee muscles value were also computed by OpenSim based on the dynamic model. Correlation coefficients and normalized RMSE were used as the compared factors between two trails. Correlation coefficients are all above 0.9 for joint moments, and all above 0.95 for knee muscles except for biceps femoris - long head. The technology would get higher reliability and improving the accuracy of simulation result by increasing the numbers of collection trails and selecting pairs trails which got higher correlation coefficients.

Waveband Selection for NIR Spectroscopic Analysis of Zn2+ in Soil

2013 ◽  
Vol 365-366 ◽  
pp. 737-740
Author(s):  
Li Jun Yao ◽  
Jie Mei Chen ◽  
Tao Pan
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square Error ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Moving Window ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Selection For

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with moving window partial least squares (MWPLS) method was successfully applied to the waveband selection for the rapid chemical-free determination of Zn2+ in soil. Based on randomness and similarity, an effective approach was performed to obtain objective and practical models. The optimal MWPLS waveband was 1136-1252 nm, and the corresponding optimal number of PLS factors was 6. The validation root mean square error (V-SEP) and validation correlation coefficients (V-RP) of prediction were 15.658 mg kg-1 and 0.925, respectively. The Zn2+ prediction values of the validation samples are close to the measured values. The results provided a reliable NIR model and can serve as valuable references for designing the dedicated spectroscopic instruments.

scholarly journals Consumption of dry matter observed and predicted by the nutritional systems in senepol bulls kept in confinement

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Maria Soares Ferreira ◽  
Simone Pedro da Silva ◽  
Carina Ubirajara de Faria ◽  
Egleu Diomedes Marinho Mendes ◽  
Ester Ferreira Felipe
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

The objective was to compare the dry matter consumption (CMS) observed, through the use of the GrowSafe® electronic system, with that predicted by the BR-Corte (2010 and 2016) and NRC (2000) nutritional systems in confined Senepol bulls. To this end, 24 Senepol Bulls were used in a completely randomized design, uncastrated with an average initial weight of 368 kg and 16 months of age. The evaluation of the accuracy and approximation of the CMS estimates by the nutritional systems was adjusted by the simple linear regression model and the decomposition of the mean square of the prediction error (QMEP). The mean CMS observed was 10.33 kg.day-1, higher than the values predicted by the nutritional systems, in which the values predicted by the NRC (2000) and BR-Corte 2010 and 2016 underestimated the CMS by 29.62, 6.19 and 2.03%, respectively. The verification of QMEP and its decomposition made it possible to infer the proximity of the values predicted by the BR-Corte 2010 and 2016 models and the values observed, which presented a better adjustment in relation to the NRC. Surprisingly the values predicted by the NRC, created from a database with Bos taurus animals, showed greater distance from the values predicted and observed, and it was expected greater accuracy of the NRC models for this category and animal breed. It is concluded that the BR-Corte 2016 was the most appropriate model to estimate the CMS of confined Senepol bulls.

scholarly journals An automatic fascicle tracking algorithm quantifying gastrocnemius architecture during maximal effort contractions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F Drazan ◽  
Todd J Hullfish ◽  
Josh R Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Pennation Angle ◽  
Tracking Algorithm ◽  
Fascicle Length ◽  
Automatic Tracking ◽  
Individual Muscle ◽  
Isokinetic Contractions ◽  
Muscle Fascicles ◽  
Strong Agreement

Background. Ultrasound has become the gold-standard for making dynamic measurements of muscle structure during functional movements in biomechanical studies. Manual measurements of fascicle length and pennation angle are time intensive which limits the clinical utility of this approach while also limiting sample sizes. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel tracking paradigm to quantify individual fascicle length and pennation measurements during maximal voluntary contractions and demonstrate is repeatability between days and reproducibility between different examiners. Methods. Five healthy young adults performed maximal isokinetic contractions at 0, 30, 120, 210, and 500 degrees about their ankle on an isokinetic dynamometer while their gastrocnemius muscle was observed using ultrasound. Individual muscle fascicles were identified in the first frame, and tracked using the automatic fascicle tracking algorithm and a manual approach by three observers on three separate days. Repeatability within examiners across days and reproducibility across examiners and days was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients. Agreement between manual and automatic tracking was evaluated using the coefficient of multiple correlations. Supervised automatic tracking was performed on all videos by one examiner to evaluate the fidelity of automatic tracking in practice. Results. We found both manual and automatic measurements of fascicle length and pennation angle to be strongly repeatable within examiners and strongly reproducible across examiners and days (ICCs>0.76). There was greater agreement between manual and automatic measurements of fascicle length than pennation angle, however the mean CMC value for both was still found to be strong in both cases (CMC>0.8). Supervision of automatic tracking greatly showed very strong agreement between manual and automatic measurements of fascicle length and pennation angle (CMC>0.94). Conclusions. We have developed a novel automatic fascicle tracking algorithm that quantifies fascicle length and pennation angle of individual muscle fascicles during dynamic contractions across a range of velocities. We demonstrated that this fascicle tracking algorithm is repeatable and reproducible across different examiners and different days and showed strong agreement with manual measurements, especially when tracking is supervised by the user so that tracking can be reinitialized if poor tracking fidelity is observed.

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