scholarly journals PAST TENSE FORMS OF THE VERB ’BE’ IN MODAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN UDMURT

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-618
Author(s):  
Rebeka Kubitsch
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Counterfactual Conditionals ◽  
High Extent ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modal Force ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given

In Udmurt the past tense forms of the verb ’be’ ( val and vylem ) appear in different modal constructions and in the non-declarative moods. The paper focuses on the use of val and vylem in four modal constructions: two deontic, a desiderative and a permissive one. It is established that in such constructions val and vylem can have non-modal and modal use as well. In their non-modal sense val and vylem primarily modify the clause temporally and form the past tense equivalent of the given modal construction. The difference between the non-modal use of val and vylem lies in the difference between the first and second past tense in general. In their modal use val and vylem decrease the degree of modal force (also called as modal attenuation) and should be analyzed as particles. In such cases modal constructions can be interpreted as counterfactual conditionals. Differences can be characterized between the modal use of val and vylem . The particle vylem is associated with greater mental distance between the speaker and factuality and expresses that the likelihood of realization is small or nonexistent. therefore, it can be considered epistemic. The particle val does not distance the events from factuality to such a high extent as vylem . Also, native speakers associated a higher probability of fulfilment with the utterances formed with val . In my opinion, the difference between the modal use of the particles originates from their verbal use and from the differences between the first and second past tense.

Conditionals and Abduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-166
Author(s):  
Timothy Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Indicative Conditionals ◽  
Cognitive Differences ◽  
Indicative Conditional ◽  
Counterfactual Conditional ◽  
Counterfactual Conditionals ◽  
The Past ◽  
Testing Of Hypotheses ◽  
New Evidence

The chapter gives a preliminary sketch of some cognitive differences between indicative conditionals and counterfactual conditionals relevant to the testing of hypotheses by experiment. They especially concern cases where the indicative conditional can be decided without new evidence while the counterfactual conditional cannot. They also show that the antecedent of a ‘counterfactual’ conditional need not be presupposed to be false. Differences connected with the past tense morphology of ‘would’ are explored. Cases are given where the morphology should be understood as expressing a ‘fake past’, modal rather than temporal.

A study of Korean counterfactual conditionals: focusing on the role of the past tense –ess-.

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 157-198
Author(s):  
Yugyeong Park ◽  
Semoon Hoe ◽  
Dongsik Lim
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Counterfactual Conditionals ◽  
The Past

scholarly journals Bilingual children's production of regular and irregular past tense morphology

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUDITH RISPENS ◽  
ELISE DE BREE
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Token Frequency ◽  
The Past ◽  
Type Frequency ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Past Tenses

This study examined the production of the Dutch past tense in Dutch–Hebrew bilingual children and investigated the effect of type of past tense allomorph (de versus te) and token frequency on productions of the past tense. Seven-year-old bilingual children (n=11) were compared with monolingual children: age-matched (n=30) and younger vocabulary-matched (n=21). Accuracy of regular and novel past tense was similar for the bilingual and monolingual groups, but the former group was worse on irregular past tense than the age-matched monolingual peers. All three groups showed effects of type frequency: te past tenses were more accurate than de. The difference between the bilingual and monolingual children surfaces in the extent of the effect: for the bilingual children it was most pronounced in verbs with low token frequency and novel verbs. Results are interpreted as stemming from a learning strategy or from phonological transfer from the Hebrew morphosyntactic system.

Text-based negotiated interaction of NNS-NNS and NNS-NS dyads on Facebook

ReCALL ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Hsueh-Jui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native English Speakers ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Negotiated Interaction ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given

AbstractThis study sought to determine the difference in text-based negotiated interaction between non-native speakers of English (NNS-NNS) and between non-native and natives (NNS-NS) in terms of the frequency of negotiated instances, successfully resolved instances, and interactional strategy use when the dyads collaborated on Facebook. It involved 10 native English speakers and 30 learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). NNS-NNS dyads consisted of five H-H pairs and five L-L pairs (H and L representing high- and low-proficiency learners). Similarly, NNS-NS dyads comprised five H-N pairs and five L-N pairs (N being native speakers). All dyads were required to use text chats to complete the given reading tasks synchronously in chatrooms on Facebook. The results suggested that negotiated instances, successfully resolved instances, and interactional strategy use occurred more frequently in H-H pairs than in L-N, L-L, or H-N pairs. In terms of strategy use, H-H, H-N, and L-N dyads were likely to engage in negotiated interaction by employing strategies such as clarifying unclear expressions or checking their comprehension, while L-L used interactional mechanisms infrequently and tended to use strategies such as continuers and asking for assistance. The research concludes with the pedagogical implications of the results.

scholarly journals THE USE OF PRESENT PERFECT IN THE EXPRESSION OF PAST TEMPORALITY IN L2 SPANISH AND CATALAN BY CHILDREN OF MOROCCAN ORIGIN

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-149
Author(s):  
Eulàlia Canals
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Present Perfect ◽  
Functional Feature ◽  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
Story Retell ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

This study examines the acquisition of Catalan and Spanish past-tense verbs (Preterite, Present Perfect, and Imperfect) by children of Moroccan origin in three schools in the Barcelona metropo1itan area. It presents data that allow us to study which of the three tenses poses the most problems for the second language (L2) speakers as compared to the native speakers in a control group. The data were obtained using elicited story-retell tasks and oral narratives. The results show that in both languages acquiring the accurate functional use of verbs is more difficult than making the right lexical or morphological choices. The greatest functional difficulty lies in the acquisition of the Preterite vis-à-vis the Present Perfect. These results provide additional evidence that form precedes function. However, they challenge an established position on the acquisition of tense and aspect in Romance languages, which holds that the most difficult functional feature to acquire for L2 learners of these languages is the difference between perfective and imperfective tenses.

scholarly journals El pretérito pluscuamperfecto como marca de género narrativo en el español andino del Noroeste de la Argentina

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-167
Author(s):  
Lidia Chang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Andean Spanish ◽  
Mutual Relation ◽  
Northwest Argentina ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Verb Forms

In her research about the past tense forms from the Quechua Southern Conchucos lands (Ancash, Peru), Hintz (2007) finds equivalences between some functions of the narrative structure of both the past tense in Quechua and the past tense in Spanish among the bilingual speakers of Quechua-Spanish. In this work, we analyze a group of not-experienced native speakers’ oral testimonies of Andean Spanish from Northwest Argentina. We seek to find a mutual relation between evidential and affect functions of the Quechua suffix -na: and the use of the pluperfect of Andean Spanish. Our findings show that there is a partial grammar barrowing between the two forms. We envisage also that the pluperfect appears remarkably more often in certain parts of the narrative structure, usually along with one of the decir verb forms as a metadiscursive markers (Chang, 2018 and 2019).

Perfect grams in Lithuanian and Latvian: A comparative analysis based on a typological questionnaire

2021 ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Peter Arkadiev
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Present Perfect ◽  
The Past ◽  
Separate Category ◽  
Perfect Form ◽  
Special Variety ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Difference

This article presents a first detailed comparative investigation of the semantics of the perfect verbal forms in standard Lithuanian and Latvian. A typological questionnaire filled by five Latvian and seven Lithuanian informants reveals the difference in the degree of grammaticalization of the present perfect between the two Baltic languages. The set of contexts available for the present perfect in Latvian is wider and more reminiscent of the perfects in English and Scandinavian languages in comparison to the Lithuanian counterpart. While in Lithuanian the present perfect is restricted to the experiential and the resultative contexts, where it is also often substituted by the simple past, Latvian also employs the present perfect to convey the meanings of ‘hot news’, current relevance and persistent situation. The past perfect, on the contrary, is more frequent in Lithuanian and appears to be a separate category rather than a past tense version of the present perfect. The article also discusses the use of the future perfect and of a special variety of the perfect with the auxiliary in the evidential form, as well as the use of ‘bare’ participles formally coinciding with the second component of the analytical perfect form but used without the auxiliary.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of the Past Tense Aspects in Russian and Italian

Discourse ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 123-135
Author(s):  
S. M. Capilupi ◽  
M. N. Kulikova ◽  
A. A. Shumkov
Keyword(s):  
Deep Level ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Russian Linguistics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Logical Modelling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Traditional Grammar ◽  
Main Language

Introduction. The problem of aspect categorisation in Italian, as well as in other Romance languages, is studied not so profoundly compared to what has been done in Russian linguistics. The Indo-European Presence – Aorist – Perfect in their aspectual meaning, which are the most independent forms, have turned to build the tense system both in Italian and Russian. The brightest aspectual meanings are expressed in the forms of the Past. The different perception of ‘completeness’ and ‘incompleteness’ aspects in these forms by the speakers of Italian and Russian is probably connected with the peculiarities of the tense formation on the deep level of the language system. So, additional grammar comments are needed. Methodology and sources. The main language unit is believed to be the semifinitive. Thereby we can facilitate the application of formal logical modelling to the description and explanation of syntactic phenomena. The material of the investigation is the surface structure of a predicate, which is formed, on the deep level, by a verbal semifinitive and a time specifier.Results and discussion. A scheme has been elaborated, demonstrating, how a verbal semifinitive becomes polarised by a time specifier. The whole range of aspectual variants, which may occur in a predicate due to the interaction of its constituents through their charges, has been shown. It is reasoned about a charge on participle II. The notion of polarisation is added to the notions of Indefinite or Perfect aspects to represent traditional grammar tenses more exact. This investigation allows to establish a correspondence of Italian and Russian tenses to different charge states of a semifinitive, touched by a specifier. It is rather admittable that the difference between incomplete and complete aspects in Russian is expressed by participles II, which are in complex semifinitives, and in Italian – by simple semifinitives.Conclusion. A comparative analysis of the verbal aspect category in Indo-European tenses, including the past ones, can be carried out, to our mind, both by stemming from the polarisation peculiarities of verbal semifinitives, and through investigation of literature translations, where correspondence is established on the level of language examples. In this case the genetic identity of Indo-European constructions has a chance to be represented as evidently as possible. 

scholarly journals The Function of the Final Modal Particle 啊 in Chinese Dialogical Text: the Method of a Semantic Experiment

2021 ◽  
pp. 522-534
Author(s):  
Sofya A. Simatova ◽  
Vladimir A. Kurdyumov
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Modal Particles ◽  
Basic Meaning ◽  
Data Processing Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rhetorical Questions ◽  
The Given

Although there are many studies devoted to the problem of Chinese final modal particles, their conclusions usually are not verified by appealing to the opinion of Chinese native speakers. The current study uses the procedure of a semantic experiment and statistical data processing method to analyze key functions of the final modal particle 啊. Respondents were given the fragments selected from Chinese dialogical texts, all these fragments included sentences with the particle 啊 (declarative, imperative, usual interrogative sentences and rhetorical questions). They were asked to evaluate the possibility of excluding the particle from the sentence in the given context without changing the basic meaning of the sentence. If respondents considered such exclusion possible, they also had to explain the difference between the sentences with and without the particle. The analysis of the semantic experiment results identified the following functions of the final modal particle 啊 in a Chinese sentence: 1) softening of the intonation and deescalation of the situation; 2) creation of the communicative tone that is more natural and appropriate to the communicative situation; 3) emphasis of the speaker’s feelings and emotions. These functions have been observed in declarative sentences, imperative sentences and rhetorical questions. In usual interrogative sentences the particle does not have a big influence on a sentence’s meaning that can be explained by the process of its grammaticalization. The function of feeling and emotion’s emphasis indicated by respondents confirms the idea that modus constructions might be the source of Chinese final modal particles

Preverbation and narrativity in Lithuanian. The distribution of finite simplex and compound verbs in narrative main clauses

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 167-192
Author(s):  
Lea Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Text ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
The Past ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Compound Verbs ◽  
Finite Verb

The article deals with the use of simplex and compound (prefixed) verbs in narrative text. Main clauses comprising finite verb forms in the past and in the past habitual tense are examined in an attempt to establish to what extent simplex and compound verbs exhibit aspect oppositions, and whether a correlation exists between the occurrence of simplex vs. compound verbs and distinct textual units. The investigation shows that although simple and compound verbs in Lithuanian are not in direct aspect opposition to each other, in the background text portions most of the verbs are prefixless past tense forms or habitual forms, whereas in the plot-advancing text portions, the vast majority of verbs are compound verbs in the simple past tense.  

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document