Openings and closings in tourist offices in Belgium, France and the Netherlands.

This paper deals with openings and closings in 400 service encounters in tourist offices situated in Belgium’s two main language communities, Flanders and Wallonia, in the north of France and the south of the Netherlands. On the basis of a detailed, bottom-up quantitative analysis of the structural properties of the openings and closings, we draw part of the interactional profiles of the tourist office encounters. Differences between the four regions are shown to be related to the degree of volubility and involvement of the interactants and to the degree of ritualisation and efficiency of the opening and the closing section.

When Language Contact Says Nothing: A Contrastive Analysis of Queísta Structures in Two Varieties of Peninsular Spanish

Based on the existence of some structural conflict between Spanish and Catalan in certain points of the syntax, this study tests the hypothesis about the influence of the latter on the distribution of queísmo uses (‘Me alegro que vengas’ [‘I’m glad you come’]) in the Spanish spoken in an eastern peninsular variety in contact with Catalan. Using the tools of comparative sociolinguistics, and the analysis of three corpora of contemporary Spanish, the study exhaustively examines the conditioning of this variable. The starting hypothesis is that the influence of the contact can be inferred from the comparison between different magnitudes derived from a multivariable statistical analysis. In addition to several linguistic and extra-linguistic predictors previously analysed in the literature, we also take into account other factor groups that may be particularly informative about that potential influence. Thus, from a structural point of view, we consider the contrast between: a) conjunctive queísmo in verbal structures, in which the structural conflict with Spanish is more evident (‘me acuerdo (de) que vino con su mujer/em recorde Ø que va vindre amb la seua dona’ [‘I remember that he came with his wife’]; and b) pronominal queísmo in relative sentences, in which the coincidence between both languages is greater (‘el día (en) que nos conocimos / el día (en) què ens vam conéixer’). From an extralinguistic perspective, the incidence of two additional factors is also examined: a) the speech community (without contact (Madrid/Alcalá) vs. in contact (Castellón), and b) the main language of the speakers (Spanish/Catalan-Valencian). The results of several mixed-effect regression analyses performed do not support the hypothesis of contact. The distributional differences between the above-mentioned groups are minimal, and in no case significant. On the other hand, the variation is basically affected by the same structural and non-structural predictors, regardless of the speech community or the ethnolinguistic group examined. Even the few divergences that are observed point in a direction contrary to that expected by the contact hypothesis. The study concludes with some potential explanations about these results and the contrast with other cases of syntactic convergence with Catalan.

THE SPECIFICS OF PROCESSING TEXTS OF SCIENTIFIC STYLE OF ECONOMIC ORIENTATION

he article describes the methods and techniques of processing texts of scientific style of economic orientation, their analysis in practical classes on the Ukrainian language (for professional purposes). Attention is paid to the main language levels of modern Ukrainian literary language: lexical, grammatical, spelling, punctuation. The methodological basis of the study are the following approaches: system-chronological, culturological, axiological, comparative, retrospective, didactic. These approaches are based on a set of methodological principles, including: dialectical, systematic, historicism, chronological, personalized. The set of research methods is used in the work: general scientific, historical-pedagogical and special-historical. As a result of processing texts of scientific-educational and popular science backgrounds in practical classes on the Ukrainian language (professionally), analysis of lexical, grammatical, spelling, punctuation levels, writing a bibliographic description of sources contributes to the realization of higher education students that the purpose of scientific style texts – systematization, knowledge of the world, notification of research results, proof of theories, substantiation of hypotheses, classifications, explanation of phenomena, systematization of knowledge, presentation of material, presentation of scientific data to society. In the conclusions it is noted that during the analysis of texts of scientific style of economic orientation the applicants made conclusions: abstract vocabulary, a large number of terms, scientific phraseology (stable terminological phrases), unambiguous common vocabulary, impersonality, impersonality of syntax, absence of all that would indicate the identity of the author, his preferences. In the perspective of further research, it is possible to clarify and expand the issues covered in our study.

Ragam Kata Sapaan Kekerabatan Minangkabau di Keluarga Inti Berdasarkan Matrilineal pada Remaja Minang

Minangkabau is a regional language where it is used as the main language by indigenous people in Minangkabau. In minangkabau language the word greeting many undergo changes, especially the word greeting used by teenagers. In addition, the word greeting that already exists is not used anymore by teenagers today. The purpose of the research to be carried out by researchers is, as follows, to find out and describe what are the variety of greeting words used by Minang teenagers to their matrilineal nuclear family, to find out whether the use of greeting words in Minangkabau language begins to fade in Minang teenagers, to find out if minang teenagers still want to apply minangkabau language words in everyday life. The study involved 101 participants, which has been in accordance with the criteria of minang people, namely aged 15-24 years who are male and female. This criterion is prepared to obtain information related to the use of various words of matrilineal kinship in Minangkabau. Researchers used the open-ended-quotionnaire method. The analysis techniques in this study consist of open coding and selective coding. The results of the study can be concluded that, adolescent minang in using the word Minangkabau greeting based on matrilineal kinship undergoes many changes at this time. In addition, most of the subjects studied want to apply the word Minangkabau greeting in everyday life and in the future.

The Influence of Family Language Policy and Social Networks on Language Attitudes and Language Use of Russian-Language Youth

Summary An individual’s linguistic attitudes and language repertoire are influenced by a variety of environmental factors. Linguistic research has shown that language use is highly influenced by language policies and social networks. This article seeks to analyze how certain language policies and social relationships affect one’s linguistic behavior. The aim of this study is to investigate the linguistic attitudes and language-use tendencies of Russian youth in Lithuanian cities. The participants of this study were Russians and Russian-speakers based in the three largest cities of Lithuania. Their ages ranged from 15 to 29 y.o. A total of 128 respondents participated in the survey. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to obtain the necessary data. The study revealed the main tendencies of language use of Russian youth, as well as the most distinct language attitudes in different cities. The results showed that the Russian community in Vilnius and Klaipeda is quite strong. The young generation tend to have stronger ties with other members of the group comparing to the Russian community in Kaunas. Russian remains the main language of communication in Russian families in Klaipėda and Vilnius. Meanwhile, in Kaunas, the Lithuanian language became the main language in both the public and private sectors. According to the collected data, school is one of the biggest influences in the formation of linguistic repertoire. A social network created in an educational institution might have even greater impact on a young person’s linguistic attitudes than family and its language policies. Other studies also showed that young individuals want to fit in, so they usually choose the language their peers use (Vilkienė, 2011; Geben, 2013 and others). Further linguistic research could examine larger groups, different ethnic minorities, observe the development of language use tendencies. Also, the information has to be updated periodically.

LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF BILINGUAL STUDENTS’ DIFFICULTIES IN MASTERING THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Представлен теоретический обзор проблемы билингвизма как одного из факторов, определяющих специфические трудности усвоения русского языка обучающимися начальной школы. Рассмотрены лингвистические аспекты двух языковых систем: русского языка и татарского языка, занимающего второе место по степени распространенности в Нижегородской области. Произведена попытка объективно оценить причины трудностей овладения закономерностями русского языка на основе сравнительного анализа состава татарской и русской грамматики. Приведены примеры, касающиеся наличия закона сингармонизма в татарском языке, описаны различия грамматического строя речи в двух языках, проанализированы сходства синтаксической системы, сформулированы выводы. This article is devoted to a theoretical review of the problem of bilingualism as one of the factors that determine the specific difficulties of mastering the Russian language by primary school students. Russian grammar is a leading problem in modern scientific and practical research, and the question of determining the specific difficulties of mastering the Russian language by bilingual students and determining on this basis the features of the methodology of teaching Russian grammar in primary schools in classes with a multi-ethnic composition is particularly relevant. Russian is the main language of the Russian language, and the main language of the Russian language is the Russian language, which determines the difficulties of mastering the subject «Russian language» by bilingual children in primary school. The aim of the study is to find specific comparative characteristics of the Tatar language (the Turkic language group) and Russian. In accordance with the purpose, the linguistic aspects of two language systems are considered: The Russian language and the Tatar language. Russian grammar is an attempt to objectively assess the reasons for the difficulties of mastering the laws of the Russian language on the basis of a comparative analysis of the composition of the Tatar and Russian grammar.

The The Role of Tongue Twister to Improve the Students’ Speaking Skill

Recently the ability to English speaking is very necessary since English has become a foreign language in Indonesia. A correct speech is become crucial to avoid misunderstanding conveying the information to the listener. Therefore, teaching English speaking is very necessary to the teacher in improving the students’ speaking skills. The main reason why learning to speak English is very difficult for the students is because students often use the Indonesian language (mother tongue) as the main language and are not accustomed to speaking in English in their daily life. One of the alternatives technique that can be used by the teacher is using tongue twister. The aims of this study is to explore about what are the problems that faced by the students while learning English speaking in Tongue Twister assisted. The classroom action research is a method that conducted in this research. There are two Cycles in this research and both of cycles showed of 77.14% of students has obtained a score of 75 and 77.13%. This result shows that the students have met the success criteria of the research and the students actively participate in the teaching and learning processes during English-speaking class.

Bentuk-Bentuk Sesapa Dalam Pelaksanaan Ritual Saṃskāra Di Desa Pedawa Buleleng Bali

The use of Sesapa in carrying out religious rituals in Pedawa Village is the main thing, even though Hindus generally use Mantra as their language of worship. In Bali Aga Village, especially in Pedawa Village, the use of Sesapa or Balinese Dialect Pedawa has become the main language that cannot be replaced until now. This study questions the use of Sesapa in the implementation of religious rituals carried out in the Bali Aga Village. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. Data was collected by using interview and direct observation techniques. The results of this study indicate that the implementation cycle of Saṃskāra in Pedawa Village consists of (1) kayeh di cangkupe, (2) pungsed kepus (kepus puser), (3) nampi, (4) nampangang abulan pitung dina, (3) tiga bulanan, ( 4) ngotonin, (5) nyambutin, (6) nyrimpen, (7) pawiwahan, (8) metatah, (9) death ceremony and (10) ngangkid. While the form of greeting used by the people of Bali Aga Village is in the form of Balinese dialect Pedawa which is shown to the Gods, to the Ancestors, and to the Bhutas.

Interference Phenomena in the Donetsk Regiolect

The article deals with the description of language interference as the main process in creating the regional identity of the Russian language in Donbass. The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that it is the first attempt to identify the role and forms of language interference in the formation of a regiolect, moreover, the object of research of the processes of language systems interaction is the Donetsk diffuse regiolect, which arose on the South Russian language base as a result of interference of closely related languages and regiolects. The stated subject involves the identification of types, zones, models and participants of interference interaction. The purpose of the article is to determine the sources and results of language interference that occurred during the formation of the Donetsk diffuse regiolect. The author uses general scientific and linguistic methods and techniques for analyzing regionalisms, in particular, comparative, descriptive methods, methods of collecting and processing sociolinguistic data, specialized methods for determining regionalisms. The use of basic methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the observation method when considering Donetsk language phenomena, allowed the author to determine the Russian basis of the Donetsk regiolect, its diffuse nature, to justify the implementation in regional modifying the “interference absorption” model of external (different language and different regiolect) and internal (idiom) language phenomena, to establish the language zones of interference interaction, the main language systems that participated in the formation of the Donetsk regiolect, and the degree of their participation in this process. The obtained theoretical conclusions can be used in the study of the regiolects of the territories of late settlement, formed on the basis of closely related languages and regiolects, for example, Russian and Ukrainian, Russian and Belorussian, etc.

Yiddish, or Jewish German? The Holocaust, the Goethe-Institut, and Germany’s Neglected Obligation to Peace and the Common European Cultural Heritage

The vast majority of Holocaust victims and survivors were Ashkenazim. Their main language was Yiddish. Yiddish is very close to German, the main difference being that the former is written in Hebrew letters, while the latter in Latin ones. Postwar Europe’s moral foundation is Holocaust remembrance. But this remembrance to be effective, it must be active in the absence of Holocaust survivors. A way to ensure that could be the novel school and university subject of Yiddish for reading purposes. As a result, researchers and interested Europeans would start reading documents and books in Yiddish again. Germany’s premiere cultural organization, Goethe-Institut, is uniquely well-placed and morally obligated to facilitate the relaunch, popularization and cultivation of the skill to read Yiddish-language sources and publications for both the sake of research and for pleasure.