scholarly journals THE GDP PER CAPITA AND FERTILTY NEXUS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 125-132
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

This paper presents an overview of the relationship between fertility patterns and income per capita in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Given the complicated political situation the complete results of a long-delayed Census in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was held in 2013, are not available and therefore we addressed the data on the female population of the last relevant Census held in 1991with some recent overview. The widespread transition from high to low fertility was strongly pronounced in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Among others, one of the purposes of this paper is to supplement the ongoing debate about the `true`nature of the income - fertility nexus with evidence from panel dataset of 109 municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina.The analysis presented in the paper are based on statistical data from population censuses, more recent estimates from official source and via fieldwork.

scholarly journals FERTILITY TRENDS IN EUROPE: FERTILITY CHANGES AND RECENT CHARACTERISTICS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 109-134
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Second Demographic Transition ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
Official Sources

At the and of the 20th century and at turn of the 21st century low and very low fertility is one of the key demographic and policy chalanges in all European countries. The concept of the second demographic transition has relevance for explaining the ongoing changes in fertility patterns across Europe. The widespread transition from high to low fertility was strongly pronounced in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Among others, one of the purposes of this paper is to supplement the ongoing debate about the `true`nature of the income - fertility and urbanization – fertility nexus with evidence from panel dataset of 109 municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since the early 1990s there has been a marked shift in circumstances for reproductive behaviour in Bosnia and Herzegovina reflecting a move from a satisfactory and a more or less stable socio-economic and living environment to more impoverished living conditions with regard to each segment of life. The principal changes in fertility trends occuring in Bosnia and Herzegovina was in focus. The analysis presented here are based on statistical data from population censuses, more recent estimates from official sources and via fieldwork.

scholarly journals THE EDUCATION–FERTILITY RELATIONSHIP IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 167-182
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Schooling Effects ◽  
The Relationship

Education and fertility are considered to be the fundamental processes for the continuance of society. This paper presents an overview of the relationship between women's education and fertility patterns in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Given the complicated political situation the complete results of a long-delayed Census in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was held in 2013, are not yet published and therefore we addressed the data on the female population of the last relevant Census held in 1991. The analysis suggests that higher educational levels are associated with lower fertility rates. However, a substantial difference exists in the scale of the gap between upper and lower educational strata, as well as between urban and rural areas within the country. Results of this study also indicate that the role of schooling effects reproductive behavior of the female population in urban and rural areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth: New evidence from Greece

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-153
Author(s):  
Antonia Gkergki
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Econometric Tests ◽  
The Government ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines the relationship between the energy consumption and economic growth from 1968 to 2019 in Greece, by employing the vector error-correction model estimation. A series of econometric tests are employed concerning the stationary of the data, and the co-integration and the relationship among the variables during the long- and short-term. The em-pirical results suggest that there is no bidirectional relationship between economic growth and energy consumption. More specifically, GDP per capita does not affect the energy consump-tion of the three primary sources either in the long-term or the short-term. In other words, the economic crisis and its implications for GDP do not affect energy consumption, and they are not responsible for the considerable decrease in energy sources' consumption. On the other hand, the energy consumption of oil and coal negatively affect the GDP per capita. These re-sults are different from previous studies' conclusions for Greece; this is because the never been experienced before. These findings raise new research questions and also show the limi-tations of the Greek market, as it is regulated and controlled by the government.

scholarly journals Does the Credit Cycle Have an Impact on Happiness?

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tinghui Li ◽  
Junhao Zhong ◽  
Mark Xu
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Credit Expansion ◽  
Transmission Channels ◽  
Credit Cycle ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

The 2008 international financial crisis triggered a heated discussion of the relationship between public health and the economic environment. We test the relationship between the credit cycle and happiness using the fixed effects model and explore the transmission channels between them by adding the moderating effect. The results show the following empirical regularities. First, the credit cycle has a negative correlation with happiness. This means that credit growth will reduce the overall happiness score in a country/region. Second, the transmission channels between the credit cycle and happiness are different during credit expansion and recession. Life expectancy and generosity can moderate the relationship between the credit cycle and happiness only during credit expansion. GDP per capita can moderate this relationship only during credit recession. Social support, freedom, and positive affect can moderate this relationship throughout the credit cycle. Third, the total impact of the credit cycle on happiness will become positive by the changes in the moderating effects. In general, we can improve subjective well-being if one of the following five conditions holds: (1) with the adequate support from the family and society, (2) with enough freedom, (3) with social generosity, (4) with a positive and optimistic outlook, and (5) with a high level of GDP per capita.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem of Malawi: The Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-238
Author(s):  
Frederick Pobee ◽  
Thuso Mphela
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Risk Capital ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystem ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Relationship

The research paper provides an in-depth analysis of the entrepreneurial ecosystem of Malawi. Employing the Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) methodology, the findings reveal a weak entrepreneurial ecosystem with a GEI score of 12.2 out of a possible 100. The relationship between the GDP per capita and the three entrepreneurship sub-indices, thus, attitude, ability, and aspiration are very weak and fall well below global average trends. Unfortunately, despite the high total entrepreneurship activities (TEA) in Malawi, this leads to little contribution to the country's GDP per-capita – a common phenomenon in many developing countries. At the pillar level, Malawi’s performance is a mixed bag, however, with most pillars performing not only poorly but below world averages. Despite the general positive perception of entrepreneurship by citizens, the country’s weak entrepreneurial ecosystem has failed to harness the propensity to develop new products and adopt new technologies for innovation and high growth entrepreneurship. From a policy intervention perspective, Malawi needs to focus most of its efforts and investments in five areas that include start-up skills, risk acceptance, high growth, risk capital, and human capital to improve the country's GEI score by 0.02.

The Relationship Among Military Expenditure, High Technological Product Exports, and Economic Growth

2021 ◽  
pp. 624-645
Author(s):  
Sevgi Sezer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Military Expenditure ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
G7 Countries ◽  
Causality Relationship ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

In this chapter, the effects of military expenditure (MEXP) on high-tech exports (HTX) and GDP per capita (GDPPC) of G7 and new industrialized countries (NIC) are analyzed for period 1988-2015 by panel data analysis. The causality relationships between the series are examined by Dumitrescu and Hurlin test. In G7 countries, one-way causality relationship from HTX to MEXP and two-way causality relationship between MEXP and GDPPC have been identified. Also, in NIC countries, two-way causality relationship between HTX and MEXP and one-way causality relationship from GDPPC to MEXP have been determined. Cointegration relations are tested by Pedroni test and the series are found to be cointegrated. It is seen that in the G7 countries, 1% increase in MEXP during the period of 1988-2015 increased HTX by 0.71% and GDPPC by 0.98%. In NIC countries, the 1% increase in MEXP increased HTX by 1.7% and GDPPC by 0.96%. The effect of MEXP on HTX is found much higher in NIC countries.

Harnessing foreign aid for the poor: role of institutional democracy

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1689-1710
Author(s):  
Eric Akobeng
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ssa Countries

PurposeThis paper examines the relationship between foreign aid, institutional democracy and poverty. The paper explores the direct effect of foreign aid on poverty and quantifies the facilitating role of democracy in harnessing foreign aid for poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).Design/methodology/approachThe paper attempts to address the endogenous relationship between foreign aid and poverty by employing the two-stage least squares instrumental variable (2SLS-IV) estimator by using GDP per capita of the top five Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries sending foreign aid to SSA countries scaled by the inverse of the land area of the SSA countries to stimulate an exogenous variation in foreign aid and its components. The initial level of democracy is interacted with the senders’ GDP per capita to also instrument for the interaction terms of democracy, foreign aid and its components.FindingsThe results suggest that foreign aid reduces poverty and different components of foreign aid have different effects on poverty. In particular, multilateral source and grant type seem to be more significant in reducing poverty than bilateral source and loan type. The study further reveals that democratic attributes of free expression, institutional constraints on the executive, guarantee of civil liberties to citizens and political participation reinforce the poverty-reducing effects of aggregate foreign aid and its components after controlling for mean household income, GDP per capita and inequality.Research limitations/implicationsThe methodological concern related to modeling the effects of foreign aid on poverty is endogeneity bias. To estimate the relationship between foreign aid, democracy and poverty in SSA, this paper relies on a 2SLS-IV estimator with GDP per capita of the top five aid-sending OECD countries scaled by the inverse of land area of the SSA countries as an external instrument for foreign aid. The use of the five top OECD's Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC) countries is due to the availability of foreign aid data for these countries. However, non-OECD-DAC countries such as China and South Africa may be important source of foreign aid to some SSA countries.Practical implicationsThe findings further suggest that the marginal effect of foreign aid in reducing poverty is increasing with the level of institutional democracy. In other words, foreign aid contributes more to poverty reduction in countries with democratic dispensation. This investigation has vital implications for future foreign aid policy, because it alerts policymakers that the effectiveness of foreign aid can be strengthened by considering the type and source of aid. Foreign aid and quality political institution may serve as an important mix toward the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and the Africa Union Agenda 2063.Social implicationsAs the global economy faces economic and social challenges, SSA may not be able to depend heavily on foreign partners to finance the region's budget. There is the need for African governments to also come out with innovative ways to mobilize own resources to develop and confront some of the economic challenges to achieve the required reduction in poverty. This is a vision that every country in Africa must work toward. Africa must think of new ways of generating wealth internally for development so as to complement foreign aid flows and also build strong foundation for welfare improvement, self-reliance and sustainable development.Originality/valueThis existing literature does not consider how democracy enhances the foreign aid and poverty relationship. The existing literature does not explore how democracy enhances grants, loans, multilateral and bilateral aid effectiveness in reducing poverty. This paper provides the first-hand evidence of how institutional democracy enhances the poverty-reducing effects of foreign aid and its components. The paper uses exogenous variation in foreign aid to quantify the direct effect of foreign aid and its components on poverty.

scholarly journals Towards a Comprehensive Framework of the Relationships between Resource Footprints, Quality of Life, and Economic Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Cibulka ◽  
Stefan Giljum
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Comprehensive Framework ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between economic affluence, quality of life, and environmental implications of production and consumption activities is a recurring issue in sustainability discussions. A number of studies examined selected relationships, but the general implications for future development options to achieve environmentally and socially sustainable development of countries at different levels of per capita resource footprints, quality of life, and income have not yet been investigated in detail. In this study, we use a global dataset with 173 countries to assess the overall relationship between resource footprints, quality of life, and economic development over the period of 1990–2015. We select the material footprint and carbon footprint and contrast them with the Human Development Index, the Happiness Index, and GDP per capita. Regression analyses show that the relationship between various resource footprints and quality of life generally follows a logarithmic path of development, while resource footprints and GDP per capita are linearly connected. From the empirical results, we derive a generalized path of development and cluster countries along this path. Within this comprehensive framework, we discuss options to change the path to respect planetary and social boundaries through a combination of resource efficiency increases, substitution of industries and sufficiency of consumption. We conclude that decoupling and green growth will not realize sustainable development if planetary boundaries have already been transgressed.

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