DETERMINATION OF THE SIZE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS IN THE REGION

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the lives of billions of people worldwide. Individuals and groups were compelled to construct theories of common sense about the disease to communicate and guide practices. The theory of social representations provides powerful concepts to analyse the psychosocial construction of COVID-19. This study aimed to understand the social representations of COVID-19 constructed by middle-class Brazilian adults and their ideological implications, providing a social-psychological analysis of these phenomena while the pandemic is still ongoing. We adopted a qualitative approach based on semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted online in April-May 2020. Participants were 13 middle-class Brazilians living in urban areas. We analysed the interviews with thematic analysis and a phenomenological approach. The social representations were organised around three themes: 1) a virus originated in human actions and with anthropocentric meanings (e.g., a punishment for the human-led destruction of the environment); 2) a dramatic disease that attacks the lungs and kills people perceived to have “low immunity”; and 3) a disturbing pandemic that was also conceived as a correction event with positive consequences. The social representations included beliefs about the individualistic determination of immunity, the attribution of divine causes to the pandemic, and the need for the moral reformation of humankind. The discussion highlights the ideological implications of these theories of common sense. Socially underprivileged groups are at greater COVID-19-related risk, which the investigated social representations may contribute to conceal and naturalise.

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The Centre Party, Conservatives, and the Radical Right

The Oxford Handbook of the Weimar Republic ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845775.013.15 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shelley Baranowski

Keyword(s):

Middle Class ◽

Political Parties ◽

The State ◽

Radical Right ◽

People's Party ◽

System P ◽

National Coalition

This chapter focuses on two major Weimar political parties, the anti-republican German National People’s Party (DNVP) and Catholic Centre Party, which acknowledged the Weimar Republic’s legitimacy and occupied a crucial position in every national coalition until mid-1932. Ultimately the DNVP’s support crumbled because it could not meet the expectations of its middle-class constituents. Although the Centre’s electorate remained stable by comparison, both parties succumbed ultimately to the determination of conservative elites after 1930 to pursue their interests through the commanding heights of the state and impose an authoritarian system.

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Influence of Humidy on Radon Volume Activity on Lands

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.838.111 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 838 ◽

pp. 111-117

Author(s):

Jana Bouchalova ◽

Helena Raclavská ◽

Vendula Klimantová

Keyword(s):

Middle Class ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Gas Permeability ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Soil Gas ◽

Volume Activity ◽

The Third ◽

The Mean ◽

The Given

The research is primarily focused on the determination of humidity on radon volume activity in different soil gas permeabilities in a given land. The research also included the detrermination of the radon index in the given land. The mean concentrations of radon in soil gas during the drought ranged from 15.9 - 24.1 kBq/m3 and in the precipitation period 16.3 - 26.7 kBq/m3. The first area was characterized by low gas permeability of soils, where a low radon index was determined during the dry season and a medium radon index was determined in the precipitation period. The second area, the medium gas permeability of the soils was determined from the analysis of the collected soil samples. The values of the third quartile in both cases measurements of radon volume activity in soil gas fall into the middle class of radon index. The third location would be determined by high gas permeability of soils. The radon index of the given land during the drought was determined as the medium, as in the case of measurement of radon volume activity in soil gas in the period with added moisture in the soil profile. The analysis confirmed the effect of moisture on the volume activity of radon.

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Turmoils and Temporalities

10.1093/oso/9780190248321.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Lucas P. Volkman

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Middle Class

Chapter 2 discloses that intra-denominational and intra-congregational strife over African American bondage became most intense when it implicated the conflicting claims of urban middle-class congregants over church-owned property. Divergent views on the morality of slavery underlay evangelical strife. But the determination of antagonistic middle-class congregational factions to retain ownership of disputed church lands and buildings made splits within local religious societies and denominations highly contentious public altercations. Central to this chapter, furthermore, is the argument that benevolent women, especially in town-dwelling congregations, had vital stakes in disputed church lands, buildings, and schools, and that these women sometimes played key roles in factional contests.

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Utopia and a Birthplace

10.1093/oso/9780190686246.003.0006 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Varuni Bhatia

Keyword(s):

Middle Class ◽

Sacred Space ◽

The Times

In 1888, Kedarnath Datta Bhaktivinoda Thakur discovered the site of Chaitanya’s nativity in a place that is now called Mayapur. This chapter examines Datta’s biography as a colonial bureaucrat and a Gaudiya theologian to argue that the search for the birthplace was as much a result of the empiricism of the times as it was due to the anomie produced from a colonized subjectivity of a middle-class, salaried life. It analyzes how religious ideas about sacred space within Vaishnavism were crucial to the determination of Mayapur as the precise birthplace of Chaitanya. By drawing attention to the simultaneous appeal of miraculous visions, sacred geographies, and positivist determinations in the Mayapur episode, this chapter makes evident a different aspect of bhadralok Vaishnavism than what has been seen in the book thus far.

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The Social Activity of the Subjective Middle Class of the Russian Region: Results of Qualitative Sociological Research

Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy ◽

10.14267/cjssp.2020.2.4 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 69-81

Author(s):

Svetlana Martynova ◽

Polina Sazonova

Keyword(s):

Middle Class ◽

Development Strategy ◽

Social Activity ◽

Sociological Research ◽

Social Changes ◽

Manifestation Determination ◽

Russian Region ◽

The Social ◽

Post Industrial

The article presents the results of a study of the middle class of the Russian region in terms of the manifestation of various types of social activity by actors. The emphasis on the analysis of social activity is motivated by the consideration of this attribute as a criterion for the allocation of the middle class in the post-industrial period. The research method – an in-depth focused interview through which two tasks are solved: identifying the degree of significance for informants of social activity and examples of its manifestation; determination of the degree of readiness to participate in the implementation of the innovation development strategy of the Tomsk Region and thereby act as a “driver” of social changes. Representatives of the middle class are included in the sample based on self-identification. It was revealed that the middle class of the Russian region is active in realising personal, but not social goals. Such a characteristic of the post-industrial middle class as the willingness to act as a driver of social development is not observed. Options are proposed for solving this problem related to the mechanisms of involving the middle class in regional planning and decision-making regarding generally significant issues.

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Galactic orbits of stars

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900105340 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 93-97

Author(s):

Richard Woolley

Keyword(s):

Globular Cluster ◽

Potential Field ◽

High Velocity ◽

Velocity Vector ◽

Variable Stars ◽

The Sun ◽

Proper Motions ◽

Rr Lyrae ◽

The Galaxy

It is now possible to determine proper motions of high-velocity objects in such a way as to obtain with some accuracy the velocity vector relevant to the Sun. If a potential field of the Galaxy is assumed, one can compute an actual orbit. A determination of the velocity of the globular clusterωCentauri has recently been completed at Greenwich, and it is found that the orbit is strongly retrograde in the Galaxy. Similar calculations may be made, though with less certainty, in the case of RR Lyrae variable stars.

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Distance to SN 1987A and the LMC

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900118959 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 190 ◽

pp. 549-554

Author(s):

Nino Panagia

Keyword(s):

Angular Size ◽

Large Magellanic Cloud ◽

Magellanic Cloud ◽

Light Curves ◽

Distance Modulus ◽

Absolute Size ◽

Sn 1987A

Using the new reductions of the IUE light curves by Sonneborn et al. (1997) and an extensive set of HST images of SN 1987A we have repeated and improved Panagia et al. (1991) analysis to obtain a better determination of the distance to the supernova. In this way we have derived an absolute size of the ringRabs= (6.23 ± 0.08) x 1017cm and an angular sizeR″ = 808 ± 17 mas, which give a distance to the supernovad(SN1987A) = 51.4 ± 1.2 kpc and a distance modulusm–M(SN1987A) = 18.55 ± 0.05. Allowing for a displacement of SN 1987A position relative to the LMC center, the distance to the barycenter of the Large Magellanic Cloud is also estimated to bed(LMC) = 52.0±1.3 kpc, which corresponds to a distance modulus ofm–M(LMC) = 18.58±0.05.

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International determination of the total motion of the pole

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900177824 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 29-41

Author(s):

Wm. Markowitz

Keyword(s):

Secular Motion ◽

The Future

A symposium on the future of the International Latitude Service (I. L. S.) is to be held in Helsinki in July 1960. My report for the symposium consists of two parts. Part I, denoded (Mk I) was published [1] earlier in 1960 under the title “Latitude and Longitude, and the Secular Motion of the Pole”. Part II is the present paper, denoded (Mk II).

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Time and Latitude in South Africa

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100026816 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 27-38

Author(s):

J. Hers

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Cape Town ◽

Astronomical Observations ◽

Royal Observatory ◽

The Republic ◽

Astronomical Determination ◽

Limited Accuracy ◽

Better Than

In South Africa the modern outlook towards time may be said to have started in 1948. Both the two major observatories, The Royal Observatory in Cape Town and the Union Observatory (now known as the Republic Observatory) in Johannesburg had, of course, been involved in the astronomical determination of time almost from their inception, and the Johannesburg Observatory has been responsible for the official time of South Africa since 1908. However the pendulum clocks then in use could not be relied on to provide an accuracy better than about 1/10 second, which was of the same order as that of the astronomical observations. It is doubtful if much use was made of even this limited accuracy outside the two observatories, and although there may – occasionally have been a demand for more accurate time, it was certainly not voiced.

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