Socio-economic Characteristics of Peasantry of Sub-mountainous Punjab

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Mountainous Region ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Agricultural Households ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Average Size

The paper presents the socio-economic profile of agricultural households in the sub-mountainous region of Punjab. There are six districts in the sub-mountainous region from which the Gurdaspur district was selected randomly. Four villages and 80 farm households were selected using multistage random sampling technique two blocks. The data on various socio-economic parameters were collected for 2019-20. Most of the farmers (71percent) were in the age group of 40-60 years in the district. The literacy rate was reasonably good as only five percent of heads of the farm households were illiterate in the region. Most agricultural households lived as nuclear families (79.00percent) with an average family size of 4.81 members. The average size of the operational holdings was around 8.0 acres. The main crops grown in the region were wheat (38.23percent), paddy permal (21.95percent), paddy basmati(16.46percent), and sugarcane (13.79percent). The average income of the agricultural household in the Gurdaspur district was around six lakhs per annum. The main source of income of the agricultural households was crop cultivation (61.65percent), followed by income from off-farm sources (22.82percent) and livestock income (15.53percent). Across different farm-size categories, off-farm income was the major source of income among marginal farmers. For the rest of the farm-size categories, income from crops was the main source of household income. Average consumption expenditure was worked out to be 3.55 lakh per annum. In total consumption expenditure, the share of food expenditure was 23.62 percent, non-food expenditure was 63.41, and social ceremonies was 21.12 percent. The share of food expenditure in total expenditure decreased with an increase across different farm-size categories, while the share of non-food expenditure increased with an increase in farm size. Total consumption expenditure was around three times higher for large farm-size households than marginal households.

scholarly journals Relationships and the Determinants of Sustainable Land Management Technologies in North Gojjam Sub-Basin, Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6365
Author(s):  
Alelgn Ewunetu ◽  
Belay Simane ◽  
Ermias Teferi ◽  
Benjamin F. F. Zaitchik
Keyword(s):  
Land Management ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Sustainable Land Management ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Blue Nile ◽  
The North

Sustainable land management (SLM) is a leading policy issue in Ethiopia. However, the adoption and continuous use of SLM technologies remain low. This study investigates the interrelationship of adopted SLM technologies and key factors of farmers’ decisions to use SLM technologies in the North Gojjam sub-basin of the Upper Blue Nile. The study was based on the investigation of cross-sectional data obtained from 414 randomly selected rural household heads, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Descriptive statistics and Econometric models (i.e., Multivariate Probit and Poisson regression) were used to analyze quantitative data, while a content analysis method was used for qualitative data analysis. Results indicate that at least one type of SLM technology was implemented by 94% of farm households in the North Gojjam sub-basin. The most widely used technologies were chemical fertilizer, soil bund, and animal manure. Most of the adopted SLM technologies complement each other. Farm size, family size, male-headed household, local institutions, perception of soil erosion, livestock size, total income, and extension service increased the adoption probability of most SLM technologies. Plot fragmentation, household age, plot distance, off-farm income, market distance, and perception of good fertile soil discourage the adoption probability of most SLM technologies. To scale up SLM technologies against land degradation, it is important to consider households’ demographic characteristics, the capacity of farm households, and plot-level related factors relevant to the specific SLM technologies being promoted.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK TINGKAT KETAHANAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA PETANI BERBASIS AGROEKOSISTEM LAHAN SAWAH IRIGASI DI PROVINSI BALI

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Suharyanto Suharyanto
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Food Sufficiency ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Cross Classification

Household food security level essentially is the ability of households meet food sufficiency. These capabilities are greatly influenced by many complex factors, but  generally  associated  with  changes  in  behavioral  aspects  of  food  production, consumption and allocation of households resources. The purpose of this study was to analyze  the  level  of  household  food  security  based  on  low  land  rice  irrigated.  The study was conducted in three districts of rice production center in the province of Bali in 2012, i.e. Tabanan district, Gianyar and Buleleng. Data collection was conducted through interviews with 216 respondents. Household food security was measured by cross classification of the share of food expenditure and consumption of energy. The results  of  the  analysis  showed  58.33  %  of  households  have  a  lower  share  of  food expenditure  and  41.67%  household  have  higher  share  of  food  expenditure.  In aggregate  86.57%  of  farm  households  is  quite  in  consuming  energy  and  13.43% is less  in  energy  consume.  The  level  of  household  food  security  of  farmers  in  the aggregate 49.07% of the household were categorized as secure, 37.9% as vulnerable, 8.79% as insufficient, and 4.17% as insecure. There is a correlation between the level of  household food  security  with  age  of  housewife,  level  of  education,  farm  size  and household income.

scholarly journals Forestland-dependent households: a primary agent of deforestation in Nigeria?

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Ayoade Matthew Adetoye
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Continuous Cultivation ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Land Use Pattern ◽  
Primary Agent

Abstract Despite global concerns on environment particularly, issues on deforestation, there is a lack of quantitative information on deforestation drivers. The study investigates the role of farm households in deforestation process in Nigeria. Household survey data were obtained from 300 farm households with the aid of personally administered questionnaire through a multistage sampling technique. The data were used to answer a question on how farmers contribute to deforestation process in Nigeria. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Probit regression model. The results show that 64 % of the farmers gain access to cultivate already opened forestland through uncoordinated harvesting of forest trees while others still maintain sustainable forest land use practice – agroforestry. Sex (P < 0.05; β = 2.34), land security (P < 0.01; β = 2.94), personal preference for tree on farm land (P < 0.05; β = −2.45), and non-farm income (P < 0.05; β = 2.50) are factors influencing land use pattern among farm households. The study revealed that most farmers cultivate open forestland, but their continuous cultivation further enhanced forestland use change. The study concludes that rural farm households though one of the agents of forestland use change were found as opportunist and not mostly the primary agent initiating forestland use change in Nigeria. The study negates the conception of several past studies.

THE DETERMINANTS OF LIVELIHOOD INCOME DIVERSIFICATION AMONG RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA.

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
M. Akinyemi ◽  
J. A. Olayinka ◽  
M. Junaidu ◽  
D. Ekpa ◽  
T. Bodaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Access To Credit

Rural economy in Nigeria is worst hit with the erratic and unpredictable factors that affect agricultural practice which is the main livelihood of the rural farm households. Consequently, farmers are left with the option of sourcing other means of survival to cope with the hard times due to in consistent and seasonal distribution of income which characterize small farm holders in sub-Saharan African countries. This study investigates the factor influencing the livelihood income diversification among rural farm households in Osun state, Nigeria. Multi stage sampling techniques was employed to sample120 structured and pre-tested questionnaires from 120 rural farm households. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of the descriptive statistics revealed that household heads of age range 50-60 years are 38.6% and about 40.70% had primary education while 26.30% had no education. About 98.31% of the rural households engaged in farming out of which 80.57% have farm size ranging between 1-3 hacters. Logit regression analysis shows that access to credit was positively significant (P<0.05) which implies that farmers that have access to credit were more likelihood to have income diversification. Age of the farmers was negatively significant (P<0.1). It connotes that the older the farmers the lesser the likelihood to income diversification. Income equivalent of household was positively significant (P<0.1). Access to electricity was positively significant (P<0.05). This implies that access to electricity increase farmer’s likelihood to income diversification. The off-farm income analysis shows that education and farm size were respectively negative and

scholarly journals Risks and determinants of risk management strategies among rural cassava-based farmers in Imo State

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-115
Author(s):  
C.E. Ahaneku ◽  
S.U.O. Onyeagocha ◽  
C.C. Eze ◽  
N.M. Chidiebere-Mark ◽  
G.O. Ellah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Imo State ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
Risk Management Strategies ◽  
Multistage Sampling ◽  
Logit Regression Model

Cassava-based farmers are faced with a lot of risks and uncertainties and this results to low agricultural output and hinders the rural farmers from  pursuing their farming activities as an enterprise. The study assessed the risks and determinants of risk management strategies among rural cassava-based farmers in Imo State. A multistage sampling technique was used in the selection of respondents. Data were collected with the use of structured questionnaire administered to 180 respondents. Multinomial logit regression model was used to determine the factors influencing the choice of risk management strategies among rural cassava-based farmers in the study area. Results of the study showed that the farmers were of middle-age, fairly educated and have average farm size of one hectare. Majority of the farmers identified loss of crop due to disease (76.11%) and loss due to erosion (73.89%) as sources of risk farmers were exposed to. Also greater number of the respondents adopted practicing of mixed  cropping and planting of disease resistant species as risk management strategies. The result of the study also confirmed that age, gender, educational level and farm income were the major determinants of the farmers’ choice of risk management strategies. It was recommended that  government should make extension services functional and provide policies that will help boost the socio-economic welfare of farmers as this will significantly propel an increase in the choice effective risk management strategies in the area. Keywords: Risk management, risk management strategies, cassava based farmers.

scholarly journals A Quest for Livelihood Sustainability? Patterns, Motives and Determinants of Non-Farm Income Diversification among Agricultural Households in Punjab, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9084
Author(s):  
Muhammad Amjed Iqbal ◽  
Muhammad Rizwan ◽  
Azhar Abbas ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum ◽  
Rakhshanda Kousar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Income Generation ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Farm Work ◽  
Agricultural Households

Many farmers worldwide resort to choosing various income-earning options for diversifying their income sources as a means of risk-avoidance, social protection, and, above all, to finance agricultural operations. Non-farm income generation among farm families has become an imperative part of livelihood earning strategies in recent years amid fast-evolving climatic and sociodemographic changes. In this regard, this study seeks to identify the patterns and socioeconomic factors responsible for the uptake of various non-farm income diversification sources among agricultural households in southern Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, a total of 290 farm households were sampled using a random sampling technique to collect relevant data through structured questionnaires. Results show that approximately 79% of the surveyed farmers were involved in non-farm income generation activities, whereas, the income from these sources accounts for about 15% of total household income. The majority of the respondents offered labour for off-farm work followed by self-employment ventures. The major reason to pursue non-farm work includes low income from agriculture, mitigating risks associated with farming, and acquiring funds to finance farming operations, along with the desire to increase family income. A range of socioeconomic and infrastructure-related variables are associated with the decision to participate in specific off-farm activity, such as age, education, family size, farm income, dependency burden, farming experience, and distance to the main city. Results imply the provision of technical support to increase livelihood from farming operations to ensure food security and curb rural-urban migration. However, vocational training can enhance the rural inhabitants’ skillset to diversify on the farm through agribusiness development within rural areas, enabling them to employ local people instead of populating urban centres.

scholarly journals Income and Expenditure of Farm Households: A Micro Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-159
Author(s):  
K. R. Hamsa ◽  
K. B. Umesh
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Micro Level

This micro level study, conducted in the Southern Karnataka to examine the sources of income and pattern of household expenditure, revealed that farm activities are the main sources of income in both progressive and less progressive areas and non-farm and off-farm activity (mainly agricultural labour) contributes only a negligible portion. The smallholders as well as rainfed households during the slack agricultural season depend on rural non-farm activities through non- agricultural labour as the source of earning in progressive area where as in less progressive area, all the categories of farmers had their non-farm income earned majorly from house rent. Percentage of spending on various items varied with category of farmers. With the increase in income, there was increase in expenditure on non-food items, which was observed in both areas. Inequality in income distribution was less than consumption expenditure due to unequal non-food consumption expenditures in both areas. There was a relatively higher income and expenditure inequality has observed in less progressive area compared to progressive area. Overall, it was evident from the results that, even though farm income contribution was more in both areas, still improving off and non-farm employment opportunities that adds to income and helps for further savings.

scholarly journals THE ISSUE OF INCOME DIVERSIFICATION AMONG RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM KWARA STATE, NIGERIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeniyi Felix Akinrinde ◽  
Kemi Funmilayo Omotesho ◽  
Israel Ogulande
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Farming Families ◽  
The Government

The rising incidences of poverty among rural farming families are the reason behind renewed interest in income diversification. This study determined the level of income diversification; identified alternative income sources; examined the reasons for diversification; and identified the constraints to diversification. A three-stage random sampling technique was used in selecting 160 households on which a structured interview schedule was administered. Descriptive statistics, a Likert-type scale, and the Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation were used for data analyses. Findings reveal that 1.3% of the households had no additional sources of income while 40.6% had at least four. Trading (55%) and livestock keeping (40.7%) were the most popular alternative income sources. The declining farm income (mean = 2.96) was the primary reason for diversification, while poor rural infrastructure (mean = 3.04) was the most severe constraint to income diversification. Farm size, access to extension services, household size, age and educational level of the household head were significantly related to the level of income diversification at p < 0.05. The study concluded that the level of income diversification was high and influenced by socioeconomic characteristics of the households. It recommends that the government should provide adequate infrastructural facilities in rural areas. Farmer associations should also ensure better prices for agricultural produce through joint marketing.

scholarly journals Tingkat Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga Petani Sebelum dan Selama Pandemi Covid 19 Di Desa Gohong Kabupaten Pulang Pisau

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Novia Wulandari ◽  
Emmy Uthanya Antang ◽  
Betrixia Barbara ◽  
Evi Feronika ◽  
Masliani
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Expenditure Share ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Purposive Selection ◽  
Selection Of

Pulang Pisau Regency has a total consumption of rice that 1.140 kcal/capita/day, less than the standard calorie intake of 2.200 kcal/capita/day. This study aimed to determine the level of household food security before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in Gohong Village, Pulang Pisau regency. This research was conducted in Gohong Village, Pulang Pisau Regency. Purposive selection of the location. Research conducted for 3 (three) months starting from October to December 2020. The number of samples was taken 20 households, the method used in determining the sample was the proportional simple random sampling technique. The data collected includes primary and secondary data. The analysis tools used is the share of food expenditure and energy adequacy. The results showed that the level of energy consumption from rice in the household was on average 888.46 calories/person/day, only reaching 44.42% of the energy adequacy of 2,000 calories/person/day. 25% of the household can achieve energy sufficiency from grains. 40% households were in the Food Expenditure Share above 60% before the Covid 19 Pandemic, and 35% households were in the Covid 19 Pandemic. 15% households were in food secure before the Pandemic it increased to 20% while Pandemic Covid 19. Increment in the number of households food secure was due to the decrease in the number of households with a Food Expenditure Share above 60%. The number of households on criteria food insecure before the pandemic was 85% consisting of 10% vulnerable, 45% lack of food, and 30% food insecurity. Meanwhile, during the pandemic, 80% of households were on the criteria food insecure, consisting of 5% vulnerable food, 45% lack of food, and 30% food insecure

scholarly journals The Effects of Non-Farm Enterprises on Farm Households’ Income and Consumption Expenditure in Rural India

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
. Zeeshan ◽  
Geetilaxmi Mohapatra ◽  
Arun Kumar Giri
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Probit Models ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
On Farm

Nationally representative data of farm households from India Human Development Surveys (IHDS) conducted in 2004-05 and 2011-12 are explored. This article analyzes the effects of income diversification in non-farm enterprises on farm households’ income and consumption expenditure in rural India. Panel probit models were built to examine the determinants of income diversification while propensity score matching was used to account selection bias resulting from unobserved factors and controls for structural differences between diversified and undiversified farm households. The results suggest that by engaging in non-farm enterprises, rural farm households make positive gains in farm income and consumption expenditure.

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