scholarly journals Możliwości rewitalizacji zagrożonych języków: między odpowiedzialnością państwa a działaniami mniejszości językowych

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-228
Author(s):  
Nicole Dołowy

The article considers the main ways, aims and possibilities of revitalising minority languages. The discussion is based on an analysis of a few minority languages (Welsh, Wendi’s and Breton) and the action being taken in order to keep them alive. The author asks the question as to the degree to which minority cultures and their rights to minority languages are respected by the state and the significance of this to the revitalisation of seriously endangered languages. Her answer is that the most effective method of protecting endangered languages is to support action conducted by representatives of the minority cultures, which will improve the standing of that language and will encourage its use in public life and – at least partly – on official occasions (not forgetting about the introduction of those languages into the education system).

Author(s):  
Евгения Алексеевна Ренковская ◽  
Анастасия Сергеевна Крылова

Статья посвящена межпоколенческой передаче шести миноритарных языков Индии: трёх индоарийских, включая кумаони (штат Уттаракханд), куллуи (штат Химачал-Прадеш), западный марвари (штат Раджастан), и трёх языков мунда, а именно сора, бонда и гутоб (штат Одиша). Все перечисленные языки не имеют официального статуса и литературной нормы, используются почти исключительно для устной коммуникации, являются малоизученными и в той или иной степени находятся под угрозой исчезновения. Исследование основывается на полевых данных лингвистических экспедиций в Индию, в штаты Уттаракханд, Химачал-Прадеш, Раджастан и Одиша в 2014–2018 гг. Одной из задач, стоящих перед авторами во время изучения социолингвистической ситуации в ареалах распространения перечисленных выше миноритарных языков, было выявить основные причины и факторы утраты межпоколенческой передачи языков. В ходе исследования мы пришли к выводу, что одним из основных факторов, негативно влияющих на межпоколенческую передачу миноритарных языков Индии, является существующая в Индии система образования. Школьное образование ведется на официальных языках штатов Индии, и миноритарные языки в образовании не участвуют. Использование родных языков в школе в лучшем случае не одобряется, в худшем — находится под негласным запретом, поскольку воспринимается как помеха на пути качественного овладения официальным языком. Помимо этого, мы отмечаем непосредственную зависимость социальной устроенности от результатов школьных экзаменов, общую директивность индийского образования и практическое отсутствие в образовании диалога. Все перечисленное становится источником большого стресса как для самих учащихся, так и для их семей, в связи с чем родители стараются оградить детей от проблем, связанных с освоением языка образования, и предпочитают не говорить с ними на родных языках. Другим серьезным фактором, способствующим созданию негативного образа родных языков, становятся лингвистические предрассудки, преподаваемые в Индии в рамках школьной программы. Сюда относится терминологическое разделение языковых идиомов на языки (официальные языки) и говоры (миноритарные языки), закрепление понятия «родной язык» за официальным языком штата, представления о том, что язык должен иметь письменность на оригинальной основе, отличающуюся от письменностей других языков. Отдельное внимание уделяется освещению такого феномена индийской действительности как языковая дискриминация представителей племенных (так называемых «неприкасаемых» в индуистской традиции) этносов в рамках школы. Помимо проблем, связанных с существующей в Индии системой образования, мы обсуждаем и попытки их решения — инициативы языковых активистов и правительства. Ряд мер по продвижению многоязычного образования включены в программу MultiLingual Education (MLE), которая в настоящее время получила наиболее широкое распространение в штате Одиша. Рассматривается устройство и функционирование программы MLE в Одише, после чего обсуждается возможность её применения в других регионах. The paper deals with the intergenerational transmission of six minority languages in India, three Indo-Aryan languages, viz. Kumaoni (state of Uttarakhand), Kullui (state of Himachal Pradesh), Western Marwari (state of Rajasthan) and three Munda languages, viz. Sora, Remo and Gutob (state of Odisha). None of these languages has an official status or standardized written form, all of them are used almost exclusively for oral communication, poorly described and, to one degree or another, endangered. The data come from sociolinguistic surveys conducted by the authors in the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Odisha in 2014–2018. One of the tasks during the sociolinguistic study in the areas of the above-mentioned minority languages was to identify the main factors of the intergenerational transmission loss. We claim that the modern education policies in India are one of the main factors disrupting language transmission. School education is conducted in the state official languages, and minority languages are not involved in it. Speaking minor languages is restricted by teachers at school, while the importance of the official languages is imposed on children. We note also the facts that the social level depends directly on the results of school exams and that Indian education is highly directive and excludes any dialogue. All of the above causes a great stress for students and their families. In this regard, parents try to protect their children from problems of mastering the language of education, and prefer not to speak with them in their native languages. Another major factor contributing to the negative image of native languages are linguistic prejudices taught in India as part of the school curriculum. This includes the division of idioms into languages (official languages) and dialects (minority languages), fixing the concept of “native language” for the official state language, the idea that the language should have a script on an original basis that differs from the scripts of other languages etc. Special attention is paid to such a phenomenon of India’s reality as linguistic discrimination of people from tribal (“untouchable” in Hindu tradition) ethnic groups within the school. In addition to the education system problems in India, the authors mention attempts to solve them by initiatives of language activists and the government. A number of measures to promote multilingual education are included in the MultiLingual Education (MLE) program, which is currently the most widely adopted in the state of Odisha. Considering structure and functioning of the MLE program in Odisha we discuss the possibility of its application in other regions.


Author(s):  
Chiedza Simbo

Despite the recent enactment of the Zimbabwean Constitution which provides for the right to basic education, complaints, reminiscent of a failed basic education system, have marred the education system in Zimbabwe. Notwithstanding glaring violations of the right to basic education by the government, no person has taken the government to court for failure to comply with its section 75(1)(a) constitutional obligations, and neither has the government conceded any failures or wrongdoings. Two ultimate questions arise: Does the state know what compliance with section 75(1)(a) entails? And do the citizens know the scope and content of their rights as provided for by section 75(1)(a) of the Constitution of Zimbabwe? Whilst it is progressive that the Education Act of Zimbabwe as amended in 2020 has addressed some aspects relating to section 75(1)(a) of the Constitution, it has still not provided an international law compliant scope and content of the right to basic education neither have any clarifications been provided by the courts. Using an international law approach, this article suggests what the scope and content of section 75(1)(a) might be.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Jummagul Abdurakhmanova ◽  

The article examines the situation in the education system of the southern regions of Uzbekistan in the 1920s-1930s, as well as the introduction of the ideological influence of councils based on communist ideology on education, which was a part of public life


Jurnal Akta ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 463
Author(s):  
Muslim Ansori ◽  
Akhmad Khisni

With the enactment of the Education System Act no 20 of 2003 (better known as the Sisdiknas Act), the State has determined that educational institutions should have a legal umbrella in the form of a legal entity, or better known as the Legal Entity Education. As a non-profit organization, the Foundation is the right legal entity that becomes a place for educational institutions, especially private schools. Therefore, of course, Notary has a very crucial role in making notary deed in the form of establishment and deed of change, such as example how in making the right basic budget and not multi interpresatasi for stake holders in the foundation. Therefore, the role of function and authority of the organ of the foundation must be clearly stated in the articles of association, so as not to cause a dispute in the future.KEYWORDS: Notaries, Foundation, Organ Foundation,


Author(s):  
K. E. Stupak ◽  

The article deals with analyzing the main streams of the education policy in Finland, which reflect the relationship between a person and society in modern socio–economic conditions. Such policy directs the system of education to change the person and his mind himself. Finland using its education system, has long before been concerned about preparing people for the future by reforming approaches to teaching in schools and higher education institutions. As a result, it has achieved world–wide recognition and top positions in various ratings have resulted. Therefore, today there is a great interest of scientists in certain issues of education functioning in Finland. Thus, G. Androshchuk, V. Butova. I. Zhernokleeva, T. Pushkareva and others study in their works the purpose and decisive role of Finland's education policy in the development of the education system. S. Grinyuk and V. Zagvozdkin pay attention to the practical the steps of reforming the Finnish system of education. T. Drobyshevsk investigates the system of providing educational services in Finland as a sector of knowledge production. L. Volynets, P. Kukharchuk consider the principles of the state education policy of Finland. L. Smolskaya examines the role of the state policy in implementing the "Finnish phenomenon"; P. Basyliuk and Yu. Kulykova, focus attention on the study of the evolution of the system of higher education in Finland; O. Scherbak reveals peculiarities of vocational education and training.


2021 ◽  
Vol X (2) ◽  
pp. 35-48
Author(s):  
Kakha Gabunia ◽  
◽  

The purpose of this article is to compile and group the list of problems that hinder the integration of ethnic minorities in the political, economic and cultural life of the country, based on research conducted by various organizations over the past 10 yearს. According to these studies, the main problem is, on the one hand, the language barrier and, on the other hand, ethnic-nationalist tendencies and stereotypes. These national mythologies and notions play one of the crucial roles in the formation of national self-identification. Ethno-nationalist tendencies are strong both in minorities and in ethnic Georgians. There are several factors behind the emergence of the ethnonationalism in Georgia First of all, it is the legacy of Soviet totalitarianism, as well as the result of the current socio-political situation. Understanding these two factors will give us a better answer as to why ethnic-nationalist sentiments are still prevailing in Georgia and why the integration of the ethnic minorities is hindered, despite being repeatedly declared by the state. The language barrier of ethnic minorities is also an important problem in the process of integration into society. The education system should make the knowledge of the state language accessible to ethnic minorities and, at the same time, ensure the protection of minority languages. To do this, the state must maximize and encourage local staff; The general system of education should ensure the upbringing of the citizen of the country and not put any group (even the majority) in an advantageous situation. show the advantage of any (even the majority) group.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
Sabohat B. Radjabova ◽  

It is scientifically analyzed information about the activity of women in the education system of Surkhandarya region in the period of independence years and their achievements in this field through statistical data with examples over the years in this article. It is emphasized that the state pays attention to the work activities of selfless women, who have been awarded many medals and medals in this region, such as the Medal of “Shukhrat”, the Order of “Saglom avlod uchun”, the title of "Xalk ta`limi a`lochisi", is also mentioned separately


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
Xalima Yuldasheva ◽  

This article analyzes the current issues of teaching the state language and solutions of teaching problems. Especially in the system of higher education, the meaning of scientific methodsand terms is revealed that bring students closer to the language of their specialization. Particular attention is paid to the importance of language education for the development of human spirituality and the improvement of methods of teaching languages. The higher education system prepares not only qualified specialists,but also future leaders. Future leaders will need to master and master formal style literacy. Therefore, a deep study of the official style -the Munshaot language is required. It is important to pay attention to documents that belong to a person, institution, enterprise


1998 ◽  
Vol 54 (1/2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Strauss

This article aims at demonstrating that Calvin's grasp of the message of Romans 13 in its reference to the state is highly relevant for the present South Africa. This includes the belief that the authority of rulers is ordained by God, be it that of a just or an unjust government, and that their right to govern should therefore be respected; that government should maintain a public order of justice and peace within which people can serve God in all spheres of life; that state authorities should use the sword and even the death penalty when needed, and not shy away from this God-given responsibility; that a society in which crime threatens to create chaos needs stronger measures of punishment; and that rebellion against the government or disruption of public life should be resorted to only as an ultimate means and when carefully considered as in the general interest.


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