scholarly journals Characterization of PM2.5–bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Chiang Mai, Thailand during Biomass Open Burning Period of 2016

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Duangduean Thepnuan ◽  
Somporn Chantara
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Diagnostic Ratios ◽  
Chiang Mai ◽  
Ambient Aerosols ◽  
Air Sampler ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Toxicity Equivalent

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bounded to ambient fine particles (PM2.5) were determined for enabling health risk assessment and source identification of ambient aerosols. Daily PM2.5 samples (24 h) were collected on quartz fiber filters by using a low volume air sampler (16.7 L min-1) during smoke haze period (March–April 2016) in Chiang Mai, Thailand. An average concentration of PM2.5 (n=54) was 65.3±17.6 μg m-3. The samples were extracted with dichloromethane using ultrasonication prior to PAHs analysis by GC-MS. Average concentrations of 16-PAHs, non-carcinogenic (nc) PAHs and carcinogenic (c) PAHs were 10.23±2.49, 5.48±1.70 and 4.75±1.43 ng m-3, respectively. Ratio values of cPAHs/ncPAHs ranged from 0.44 to 1.98. Strong correlation (r= 0.76) between PM2.5 and cPAHs concentration was observed. Toxicity equivalent concentrations (TEQ) of PAHs was 1.13±0.34 ng m-3. The value of inhalation cancer risk (ICR) for exposure of ambient PAHs calculated from TEQ value was 1.0×10-4 indicating high risk for long term exposure. Diagnostic ratios (DRs) of various pairs of PAHs revealed that biomass burning is a major source during smoke haze period.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fine and coarse particles

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Diagnostic Ratios ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Short Time

<p>About 140 samplings of fine and coarse particles were gathered during the year 2006 in Kozani that represent an urban area surrounded by opencast coal mining. A low volume dichotomus sampler has been used to trap suspended particles. The filters used were teflon, which are ideal for analysis in the determination of PAHs. The determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been carried out by the use of the analytic technique of large volume injection and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (LVI - GC/MS). The extraction of substances has been made in a two stage procedure, firstly with agitation in a magnetic shaker and secondly by the use of ultrasonic bath. This technique has given high recoveries of PAHs, in short time intervals. The mean daily concentrations of fine particles varied from 4 to 48 μg m-3 and annual mean was 16 μg m-3. The mean daily concentrations of coarse particles respectively varied from 2 to 67 μg m-3 with 23 μg m-3 annual mean concentration. The ΣPAH concentrations for fine samples were 4.80 ± 7.06 ng m-3 and for coarse samples were 1.36 ± 1.59 ng m-3. The mean B[a]Py concentration for fine particles was 0.38 ng m-3. Finally, diagnostic ratios were used to characterize and identify PAHs emission source in this study.</p>

scholarly journals Potential Risks of PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals from Inland and Marine Directions for a Marine Background Site in North China

Toxics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Qianqian Xue ◽  
Yingze Tian ◽  
Xinyi Liu ◽  
Xiaojun Wang ◽  
Bo Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
North China ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Diagnostic Ratios ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Ambient PM2.5-bound ions, OC, EC, heavy metals (HMs), 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 7 hopanes, and 29 n-alkanes were detected at Tuoji Island (TI), the only marine background atmospheric monitoring station in North China. The annual PM2.5 average concentration was 47 ± 31 μg m−3, and the average concentrations of the compositions in PM2.5 were higher in cold seasons than in warm seasons. The cancer and non-cancer risks of HMs and PAHs in cold seasons were also higher than in warm seasons. BaP, Ni, and As dominated the ∑HQ (hazard quotient) in cold seasons, while the non-carcinogenic risk in warm seasons was mainly dominated by Ni, Mn, and As. The ILCR (incremental lifetime cancer risk) values associated with Cr and As were higher in the cold season, while ILCR-Ni values were higher in the warm season. The backward trajectory was calculated to identify the potential directions of air mass at TI. Through the diagnostic ratios of organic and inorganic tracers, the sources of particulate matter in different directions were judged. It was found that ship emissions and sea salt were the main sources from marine directions, while coal combustion, vehicles emissions, industrial process, and secondary aerosols were the main source categories for inland directions. In addition, potential HM and PAH risks from inland and marine directions were explored. The non-cancerous effects of TI were mainly affected by inland transport, especially from the southeast, northwest, and west-northwest. The cancerous effects of TI were mainly simultaneously affected by the inland direction and marine direction of transport.

scholarly journals Seasonal variation in health exposure to PM-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in selected sport facility

2018 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 00047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Kuskowska ◽  
Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Diagnostic Ratios ◽  
Sport Facility ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The One

In this paper, for the one selected sport facility in Warsaw in heating and non-heating periods: 1) average concentration of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with respirable fraction of particulate matter (PM4); 2) health hazards from the PM4-bound PAHs; 3) PM4-bound PAHs origin are described. PM samples were collected for 10 days of June and 10 days of November simultaneously inside and outside of the sports hall and next were analysed in term of PAHs content. Obtained results allowed to calculate selected indicators of cumulative exposure to the PAH mixture and the specific diagnostic ratios for individuals compounds from the PAHs group which indicate origin of PAHs. It has been shown that the exposure of sports hall users to PM4-bound PAHs is significantly higher in heating than non-heating season. It also confirm that fossil fuels and biomass combustion in heating period in Warsaw have a strong influence on the level of health exposure to PAH mixture both outdoor and inside of the buildings.

scholarly journals Concentrations and Sources of Atmospheric PM, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Kanazawa, Japan

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Kazuichi Hayakawa ◽  
Ning Tang ◽  
Wanli Xing ◽  
Pham Kim Oanh ◽  
Akinori Hara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Asian Dust ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Atmospheric Concentrations

PM2.5 (fine particles with diameters 2.5 micrometers and smaller) and PM>2.5 were separately collected in Kanazawa, Japan in every season, from the spring of 2017 to the winter of 2018, and nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and six nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) were respectively determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence and chemiluminescence detections. The atmospheric concentrations of both the PAHs and NPAHs showed seasonal changes (highest in the winter and lowest in the summer), which differed from the variations in the total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and PM2.5 amounts (which were highest in the spring). The contributions of major sources to the combustion-derived particulate (Pc) in the PM2.5 were calculated using the 1-nitropyrene-pyrene (NP) method, using pyrene and 1-nitropyrene as the representative markers of PAHs and NPAHs, respectively. The annual average concentration of Pc accounted for only 2.1% of PM2.5, but showed the same seasonal variation as PAHs. The sources of Pc were vehicles (31%) and coal heating facilities/industries (69%). A backward trajectory analysis showed that the vehicle-derived Pc was mainly from Kanazawa and its surroundings, and that coal heating facilities/industry-derived Pc was transported from city areas in central and northern China in the winter, and during the Asian dust event in the spring. These results show that large amounts of PAHs were transported over a long range from China during the winter. Even in the spring, after the coal heating season was over in China, PAHs were still transported to Japan after Asian dust storms passed through Chinese city areas. By contrast, the main contributors of NPAHs were vehicles in Kanazawa and its surroundings. The recent Pc concentrations were much lower than those in 1999. This decrease was mostly attributed to the decrease in the contribution of vehicle emissions. Thus, the changes in the atmospheric concentrations of Pc, PAHs and NPAHs in Kanazawa were strongly affected not only by the local emissions but also by long-range transport from China.

scholarly journals Occurrence, Removal, and Mass Balance of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Northeast China

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Rashid Mohammed ◽  
Zi-Feng Zhang ◽  
Chao Jiang ◽  
Ying-Hua Hu ◽  
Li-Yan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Diagnostic Ratios ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Coal Composition

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 33 methylated PAHs (Me-PAHs), and 14 nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) were measured in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to study the removal efficiency of these compounds through the WWTPs, as well as their source appointment and potential risk in the effluent. The concentrations of ∑PAHs, ∑Me-PAHs, and ∑NPAHs were 2.01–8.91, 23.0–102, and 6.21–171 µg/L in the influent, and 0.17–1.37, 0.06–0.41 and 0.01–2.41 µg/L in the effluent, respectively. Simple Treat 4.0 and meta-regression methods were applied to calculate the removal efficiencies (REs) for the 63 PAHs and their derivatives in 10 WWTPs and the results were compared with the monitoring data. Overall, the ranges of REs were 55.3–95.4% predicated by the Simple Treat and 47.5–97.7% by the meta-regression. The results by diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis PCA showed that “mixed source” biomass, coal composition, and petroleum could be recognized to either petrogenic or pyrogenic sources. The risk assessment of the effluent was also evaluated, indicating that seven carcinogenic PAHs, Benzo[a]pyrene, Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and Benzo(a)anthracene were major contributors to the toxics equivalency concentrations (TEQs) in the effluent of WWTPs, to which attention should be paid.

scholarly journals Identification and quantification of organic pollutants in the air of the city of Astana using solid phase microextraction

2017 ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Dina Orazbayeva ◽  
Ulzhalgas Karatayeva ◽  
Kulzhan Beysembayeva ◽  
Kulyash Meyramkulova
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
The City

Solid-phase microextraction in combination with gas chromatography and mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene (BTEX), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and for identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air of the city of Astana, Kazakhstan. The screening of the samples showed the presence of mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, phenols, and benzaldehydes. The concentrations of naphthalene were 5-7 times higher than the permissible value, it was detected in all studied air samples. Average concentration of naphthalene was 18.4 μg/m3, acenaphthylene – 0.54 μg/m3, acenaphthene – 1.63 μg/m3, fluorene – 0.79 μg/m3, anthracene – 3.27 μg/m3, phenanthrene – 0.22 μg/m3, fluorantene – 0.74 μg/m3, pyrene – 0.73 μg/m3. Average concentrations of BTEX in the studied samples were 31.1, 84.9, 10.8 and 11.6 μg/m3, respectively. Based on the statistical analysis of the concentrations of BTEX and PAH, the main source of city air pollution with them was assumed to be vehicle emissions.

scholarly journals Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 in Urumqi, China: Temporal Variations, Health Risk, and Sources

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suwubinuer Rekefu ◽  
Dilinuer Talifu ◽  
Bo Gao ◽  
Yusan Turap ◽  
Mailikezhati Maihemuti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Diagnostic Ratios ◽  
Positive Matrix ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Mean

PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 samples were simultaneously collected in Urumqi from January to December 2011, and 14 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined. The mean concentrations of total PAHs in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 were 20.90~844.22 ng m−3 and 19.65~176.5 ng m−3 respectively, with the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. Above 80% of PAHs were enriched in PM2.5, which showed remarkable seasonal variations compared to coarse particles. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were predominant in PM2.5 (46.61~85.13%), whereas the proportions of lower molecular weight (LMW) and HMW PAHs in PM2.5–10 showed a decreasing and an increasing trend, respectively, from spring to winter. The estimated concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene equivalent carcinogenic potency (BaPeq) in PM2.5 (10.49~84.52 ng m−3) were higher than that of in PM2.5–10 (1.15~13.33 ng m−3) except in summer. The estimated value of inhalation cancer risk in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 were 1.63 × 10−4~7.35 × 10−3 and 9.94 × 10−5~1.16 × 10−3, respectively, far exceeding the health-based guideline level of 10−4. Diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization results demonstrated that PAHs in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 were from similar sources, such as coal combustion, biomass burning, coking, and petroleum combustion, respectively. Coal combustion was the most important source for PAHs both in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10, accounting for 54.20% and 50.29%, respectively.

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