scholarly journals The Effect of Air Pollution on Fertility Intentions

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-170
Author(s):  
Yunrong Li ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Fertility Intention ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data

Together with fast economic growths in recent decades and subsequent environmental pollutions, fertility rates have declined dramatically in China. Considering fertility intention is an essential predictor for fertility rate, we examine the effect of air pollution on fertility intentions in China. Using data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) collected in 2010 and 2013, we find a negative and significant impact of air pollution on people’s fertility intentions. More importantly, after we restrict the sample to people who have been living in current places for a long period of time, the estimated effect of air pollution decreases but remains significant, indicating existence of endogeneity of air pollution on fertility intentions. For the government to take measures to raise fertility rates in China, it is important to take into account the factor of air pollution.

Participation in collective action in China: Unfair experience, interests involved, and political efficacy

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1561-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runxi Zeng ◽  
Yanchao Chen ◽  
Huajun Li
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Political Efficacy ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Unfair Treatment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Practical Implications

We examined which factors promote Chinese citizens' participation in collective action at the individual level. Using data from the 2010 China General Social Survey, we applied logistic regression analysis to explore the relationships between unfair experience, interests involved, political efficacy, and the likelihood of participation in collective action. Results showed that people who have experienced unfair treatment from the government are more likely than other people are to participate in collective action. If people think that collective action is closely related to their own interests, they are more likely to participate than are those who do not think so. Also, people with high internal political efficacy are more likely to participate in collective action than are those with low internal political efficacy. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Attitudinal Change, Cohort Replacement, and the Liberalization of Attitudes about Same-sex Relationships, 1973–2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 073112142199485
Author(s):  
Ashley Wendell Kranjac ◽  
Robert L. Wagmiller
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Individual Change ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Same Sex Marriage ◽  
Population Turnover ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Lesbian And Gay Rights ◽  
Using Data

Americans’ attitudes toward same-sex relationships have liberalized considerably over the last 40 years. We examine how the demographic processes generating social change in attitudes toward same-sex relationships changed over time. Using data from the 1973 to 2018 General Social Survey and decomposition techniques, we estimate the relative contributions of intracohort change and cohort replacement to overall social change for three different periods. We examine (1) the period prior to the rapid increase in attitude liberalization toward same-sex marriage rights (1973–1991), (2) the period of contentious debate about same-sex marriage and lesbian and gay rights (1991–2002), and (3) the period of legislative and judicial liberalization at the state and federal levels (2002–2018). We find that both intracohort and intercohort change played positive and significant roles in the liberalization of attitudes toward same-sex relationships in the postlegalization period, but that individual change was more important than population turnover over this period.

Constrained and Unconstrained Partial Adjacent Category Logit Models for Ordinal Response Variables

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Fullerton ◽  
Jun Xu
Keyword(s):  
General Social Survey ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Logit Models ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Partial Model ◽  
Ordinal Response ◽  
Proportional Odds Assumption ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Response Variables

Adjacent category logit models are ordered regression models that focus on comparisons of adjacent categories. These models are particularly useful for ordinal response variables with categories that are of substantive interest. In this article, we consider unconstrained and constrained versions of the partial adjacent category logit model, which is an extension of the traditional model that relaxes the proportional odds assumption for a subset of independent variables. In the unconstrained partial model, the variables without proportional odds have coefficients that freely vary across cutpoint equations, whereas in the constrained partial model two or more of these variables have coefficients that vary by common factors. We improve upon an earlier formulation of the constrained partial adjacent category model by introducing a new estimation method and conceptual justification for the model. Additionally, we discuss the connections between partial adjacent category models and other models within the adjacent approach, including stereotype logit and multinomial logit. We show that the constrained and unconstrained partial models differ only in terms of the number of dimensions required to describe the effects of variables with nonproportional odds. Finally, we illustrate the partial adjacent category logit models with empirical examples using data from the international social survey program and the general social survey.

A Collision of Principles? Free Expression, Racial Equality and the Prohibition of Racist Speech

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIMBERLY A. GROSS ◽  
DONALD R. KINDER
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Racial Equality ◽  
Free Expression ◽  
Hard Case ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Straightforward Application ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Democratic Principles

Freedom of expression is celebrated as one of the glories of the American political system. But does all speech deserve immunity? In particular, should speech designed to vilify or degrade on the basis of race be protected? Opinions on racist speech are complicated because they must accommodate two fundamental democratic principles that operate at cross purposes: freedom of expression, which implies support for racist speech, and racial equality, which implies the opposite. Using data from the 1990 General Social Survey, we examine how Americans resolve this conflict. Our major finding is that the principle of free expression dominates the principle of racial equality. What contemporary legal scholars regard as a hard case entailing a collision of democratic principles, ordinary Americans seem to interpret as a straightforward application of just a single principle. This result mirrors and perhaps reflects a nearly century-long and mostly lop-sided debate favouring free speech among American elites.

Religion and Happiness

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hout ◽  
Andrew Greeley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Religious Rituals ◽  
Religious Services ◽  
Using Data ◽  
International Social

This chapter discusses the link between happiness and religion. It draws on meaning-and-belonging theory to deduce that a religious affiliation heightens happiness through participation in collective religious rituals. Attendance and engagement appear key: a merely nominal religious affiliation makes people little happier. Notably, two religious foundations of happiness—affiliation with organized religious groups and attendance at services—have fallen. Softened religious engagement, then, may contribute to the slight downturn in general happiness. In fact, steady happiness is reported among those who participate frequently in religious services, but falling levels among those who are less involved. The chapter also considers the association between religion and happiness outside the United States using data from the International Social Survey Program, an international collaborative survey to which the General Social Survey contributes the American data.

A gun gap in voter choice

The Gun Gap ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 50-79
Author(s):  
Mark R. Joslyn
Keyword(s):  
General Social Survey ◽  
National Election ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Political Consequence ◽  
Empirical Regularities ◽  
Voter Choice ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Election Studies

Chapter 2 presents a framework to examine the vote choices of gun owners. Using data from the General Social Survey and American National Election Studies, two important empirical regularities emerge. First, compared to those who do not own a guns, people who do own guns reliably vote Republican. In addition, the divide between the vote choices of gun owners and nonowners is growing. Since 2004, the “gun gap” has nearly doubled. Second, the more guns an individual owns, the more likely he or she is to vote Republican. In this respect, purchasing a gun or guns is an act of some political consequence.

scholarly journals Income management strategies of older couples in Canada

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Laporte ◽  
Grant Schellenberg
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Older Couples ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Female Partners ◽  
Using Data

In this study, the income management strategies of Canadian couples are examined using data from the 2007 General Social Survey. The extent to which “older” couples, in which at least one spouse or partner is aged 45 or older, employ an allocative, pooled, or separate strategy is explored.Results show that the income management strategies used by these couples are correlated with relationship characteristics, such as common-law status, duration of relationship, and presence of children. As well, the likelihood of using a separate approach is positively correlated with levels of educational attainment and with the amount of income received by wives or female partners.

Social Policy and Political Trust: Evidence from the New Rural Pension Scheme in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 235 ◽  
pp. 644-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonglu Li ◽  
Xiaogang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Old Age Support ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Material Benefits ◽  
The Government ◽  
Chinese General Social Survey ◽  
Rights Consciousness

AbstractThis article analyses the data from the 2010 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) to investigate the effects of the New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS) on people's political trust and policy expectations in China. Results from difference-in-differences (DID) analyses show that those in the NRPS pilot areas reported higher levels of trust in government at both central and local levels than their counterparts in non-NRPS areas, with the former gaining more support than the latter. Moreover, the potential NRPS beneficiaries show similarly higher levels of trust in both central and local governments than non-NRPS beneficiaries. However, the policy did not increase rural residents’ rights consciousness that the government should take the main responsibility for the provision of the old-age support. These findings suggest that citizens' political trust under an authoritarian regime is mainly determined by the material benefits they receive.

Prayer and Helping

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Symbolic Interaction ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
The Past ◽  
Using Data

I propose a theoretical framework to understand how the religious practice of prayer influences helping. Drawing on work from symbolic interaction and cognitive psychology, I argue that individuals’ concepts of divine others become more cognitively accessible during the act of prayer. Because most people attribute the characteristics of omniscience and the desire for humans to help others to divine others, people are more likely to help known and unknown others the more cognitively accessible divine other concepts are to them. This leads to the prediction that frequency of prayer will be positively and linearly associated with frequency of helping. Using data from the General Social Survey (GSS), I find support for my argument. Frequency of prayer is positively and linearly associated with the frequency in which individuals engaged in several helpful behaviors toward known and unknown others in the past year, even after accounting for other religious and sociodemographic factors.

scholarly journals Anti-Intellectualism, Populism, and Motivated Resistance to Expert Consensus

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Merkley
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Expert Consensus ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Scholars have maintained that public attitudes often diverge from expert consensus due to ideology-driven motivated reasoning. However, this is not a sufficient explanation for less salient and politically charged questions. More attention needs to be given to anti-intellectualism—the generalized mistrust of intellectuals and experts. Using data from the General Social Survey and a survey of 3,600 Americans on Amazon Mechanical Turk, I provide evidence of a strong association between anti-intellectualism and opposition to scientific positions on climate change, nuclear power, GMOs, and water fluoridation, particularly for respondents with higher levels of political interest. Second, a survey experiment shows that anti-intellectualism moderates the acceptance of expert consensus cues such that respondents with high levels of anti-intellectualism actually increase their opposition to these positions in response. Third, evidence shows anti-intellectualism is connected to populism, a worldview that sees political conflict as primarily between ordinary citizens and a privileged societal elite. Exposure to randomly assigned populist rhetoric, even that which does not pertain to experts directly, primes anti-intellectual predispositions among respondents in the processing of expert consensus cues. These findings suggest that rising anti-elite rhetoric may make anti-intellectual sentiment more salient in information processing.

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