scholarly journals POLA KUMAN BERDASARKAN PEWARNAAN GRAM PADA TINJA ANAK DENGAN DIARE DI RSUP PROF. DR. R. D. KANDOU MANADO

e-CliniC ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Made Dwi Pramana
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Stain ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Consecutive Sampling ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
In Infants And Children

Abstract: Background: Bacterial infection is one of the causes of diarrhea in infants and children. Bacteria are a group of microorganisms belongs to the prokaryotes which are structurally simpler than eukaryotics. There were many examinations used to detect the bacteria caused diarrhea, one of them was microscopic examination of the Gram stain smear. This technique is to determine whether the examination is Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria. Objective: This study aimed to determine the pattern of bacteria by Gram stain in children’s feces with diarrhea. Methods: This research used a descriptive designed with cross sectional approach by consecutive sampling from November to December 2013. There were 50 children in this study. Result: The results showed, 29 girls (58%) and 21 boys (42%). There were 34 children (68%) as the largest group that belongs to 1 - <3 years old. The results of feces microscopic examination showed 29 children (58%) got contaminated by bacteria. 23 children (46%) were contaminated with Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Gram negative Basil bacteria ware the most common bacteria that found in 23 preparations. Conclusion: Gram-negative bacilli germ were the most common germs that found in children’s feces with diarrhea and the numbers of diarrhea on November to December 2013 were increased. Key words: bacterial pattern, Gram staining, children, diarrhea  Abstrak: Latar belakang: Infeksi bakteri merupakan salah satu penyebab terjadinya diare pada bayi dan anak. Bakteri merupakan mikroorganisme yang termasuk dalam golongan prokariot yang strukturnya lebih sederhana dari eukariot. Banyak pemeriksaan yang dilakukan untuk mendeteksi bakteri penyebab diare, salah satunya dengan pemeriksaan mikroskopis pulasan yaitu pewarnaan Gram yang merupakan salah satu teknik pemeriksaan untuk menentukan apakah termasuk bakteri Gram positif atau bakteri Gram negatif. Tujuan penelitian: Penelitian ini bertujuan unutk mengetahui pola kuman berdasarkan pewarnaan Gram pada tinja anak dengan diare. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional yang dilakukan dengan cara consecutive sampling dari bulan November sampai Desember 2013. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 50 anak dan dilakukan pemeriksaan pewarnaan Gram. Hasil penelitian: Hasil penelitian didapatkan, perempuan 29 anak (58%) dan Laki-laki 21 anak (42%). Kelompok umur terbanyak 1 ─ <3 berjumlah 34 anak (64%). Hasil pemeriksaan mikroskopis feses ditemukan positif bakteri sebanyak 29 anak (58%). Bakteri Gram positif dan Gram negatif didapatkan berjumlah 23 anak (46%). Bakteri Basil Gram negatif merupakan bakteri terbanyak yang ditemukan yaitu 23 preparat. Kesimpulan: Kuman basil Gram negatif merupakan kuman terbanyak yang ditemukan pada tinja anak dengan diare dan terjadi peningkatan angka kejadian diare pada bulan November – Desember 2013. Kata kunci : pola kuman, pewarnaan Gram , anak, diare

THE EFFECT OF SALMINE ON BACTERIA

1958 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Brock
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Bacteriostatic Activity ◽  
Bactericidal Action ◽  
Gram Stain ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Bacterial Surface ◽  
Bactericidal Effects

The bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of salmine on various bacteria have been studied. Salmine has more bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive than against Gram-negative bacteria. It is bactericidal in water but not in broth, and this bactericidal action occurs against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It has been shown that salmine causes agglutination of washed suspensions of certain bacteria and this agglutination is not correlated directly with the Gram stain. Salmine causes an increase in the turbidity of washed cells of all bacteria, Gram-positive and Gram-negative, and differs in this respect from the solutes sodium chloride and glucose, which affect only Gram-negative species.A comparison has been made of the effects of salmine and polymyxin and it has been concluded that salmine may also act by attachment to the bacterial surface.

scholarly journals Clots retrieved by mechanical thrombectomy from acute ischemic stroke patients show no evidence of bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 502-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenith Khashim ◽  
Seán Fitzgerald ◽  
Ramanathan Kadirvel ◽  
Daying Dai ◽  
Karen M Doyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Real Time ◽  
16S Rdna ◽  
Mechanical Thrombectomy ◽  
Blood Clot ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Staining

Background Bacteria and bacterial components have been associated with the activation of coagulation factors and initiating the blood clot formation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether bacterial populations are present in clots retrieved from patients that have suffered a large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Materials and methods Clot samples were collected from 20 AIS patients who underwent clot retrieval with mechanical thrombectomy. Patient clinical demographic details were noted. Expression of bacterial 16S rDNA was analyzed by standard and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Gram staining was performed to identify Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Results Both the real-time and standard PCR demonstrated no expression of 16S rDNA in any of the 20 clots samples from AIS patients. Gram staining results showed no expression of Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria present in the clot samples. Conclusion Our current study found no bacteria populations in the clots of AIS patients.

scholarly journals Misinterpretation of Gram Stain from the Stationary Growth Phase of Positive Blood Cultures for Brucella and Acinetobacter Species

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali M. Bazzi ◽  
Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq ◽  
Ali A. Rabaan
Keyword(s):  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Gram Stain ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Urease Test ◽  
Oxidase Test ◽  
Vitek 2

Introduction:Acinetobacter baumanniiandBrucellaspecies are Gram-negative organisms that are vulnerable to misinterpretation as Gram-positive or Gram-variable in blood cultures.Objective:We assess the random errors in gram stain interpretation to reduce the likelihood of such errors and therefore patient harm.Methodology:Aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures from two patients in an acute care facility in Saudi Arabia were subjected to preliminary Gram-staining. In case 1, VITEK-2 Anaerobe Identification, repeat Gram staining from a blood agar plate, Remel BactiDrop™ Oxidase test, Urea Agar urease test and real-time PCR were used to confirm presence ofBrucellaand absence ofCoryneformspecies. In case 2, repeat Gram- staining from the plate and the vials, VITEK-2 Gram-Negative Identification, real-time PCR and subculture on to Columbia agar, blood agar, and MacConkey agar were carried out to identifyA. baumannii.Results:In case 1, initially pleomorphic Gram-positive bacteria were identified.Coryneformspecies were suspected. Tiny growth was observed after 24 h on blood agar plates, and good growth by 48 h. Presence ofBrucellaspecies was ultimately confirmed. In case 2, preliminary Gram-stain results suggested giant Gram-positive oval cocci. Further testing over 18-24 h identifiedA. baumannii.Conclusions:Oxidase test from the plate and urease test from the culture vial is recommended after apparent identification of pleomorphic Gram-positive bacilli from blood culture, once tiny growth is observed, to distinguishBrucellafromCorynebacteriumspecies. If giant Gram-positive oval cocci are indicated by preliminary Gram-staining, it is recommended that the Gram stain be repeated from the plate after 4-6 h, or culture should be tested in Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) medium and the Gram stain repeated after 2-4 h incubation.

Gram staining v1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
lydiariver not provided
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Acetone Treatment ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms ◽  
Group B ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Gram staining is one of the first techniques used for the identification of group B Streptococcus agalactiae and one would expect to see gram-positive cocci under the microscope. The technique consists of applying a series of colorants and bleaches (acetone), which interact with the lipids of the membranes of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The cell walls of gram-positive organisms retain the dye after acetone treatment and appear purple in color, whereas gram-negative organisms become discolored after acetone treatment and appear pink.

scholarly journals Bacterial etiology and antibiotic resistance pattern of neonatal sepsis: a study in a tertiary care hospital, in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1839
Author(s):  
Mahfuza Shirin ◽  
M. Monir Hossain ◽  
Manifa Afrin ◽  
Mohammad Abdullah Al Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

Background: Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. The objective of the study was to detect causative microorganisms of neonatal sepsis and their antimicrobial resistance patterns.Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2017 to June 2018 in the Department of Neonatal Medicine and NICU of Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital (DSH). Neonates diagnosed with probable sepsis were studied. After enrollment, 1 mL blood was taken and sent to Microbiology department of DSH for culture and sensitivity. With baseline characteristics, clinical examination findings and outcome, were also recorded.Results: Rate of isolation of single organism was 9.2% (84/913). Out of 84 isolates, gram negative bacteria were 77.4% with Klebsiella pneumonae being the commonest (35, 41.7%), gram positive bacteria were 11.9% with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus were equal (5, 5.95% each) and the remaining (9, 10.7%) isolated organism was Candida. Most of the isolated gram-negative bacteria were resistant to ampicillin, gentamicin, and ceftazidime; but gram-positive bacteria preserved 20-80% sensitivity. Klebsiella was more resistant than Acinetobacter to amikacin, netilmicin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. Around 45-65% of gram-negative bacteria were resistant to imipenem and meropenem but gram-positive bacteria showed lesser resistance. Among the gram-negative bacteria, Klebsiella and Acinetobacter were resistant to piperacillin as same as carbapenem group, but gram-positive bacteria were 100% sensitive to piperacillin. All the gram-negative bacteria showed more resistance to 4th generation cephalosporin, cefepime than carbapenem. Out of culture positive 84 neonates, 63 (75.0%) were cured but 21 (25.0%) died. Among the 21 expired neonates, 47.6% (10/21) were infected with Klebsiella.Conclusion: This study observed that gram-negative bacteria causing neonatal sepsis predominantly, with emergence of Candida. All the isolated gram-positive and gram-negative organisms were mostly resistant to available antibiotics

scholarly journals Assessing Gram-stain error rates within the pharmaceutical microbiology laboratory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Sandle
Keyword(s):  
Error Rates ◽  
Microbiology Laboratory ◽  
Gram Stain ◽  
Clinical Context ◽  
Determinative Bacteriology ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Microbial Identification ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms

Gram-staining remains the fundamental method for determinative bacteriology, dividing bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. This test provides information as to the origin of any contamination and is a pre-requisite for many microbial identification methods. Despite the longevity of the test, the test is highly reliant upon analyst technique and therefore errors occur. While there are a few studies looking at errors in the clinical context, research has not been extended to the pharmaceutical microbiology laboratory context. In this study, we present a review of over 6,000 Gram-stains and establish an error rate of around 3%, with the most common reason for error being an over-decolourisation step resulting in organisms that should be Gram-positive appearing as Gram-negative. The analysis enables others to benchmark their facilities against.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI PADA DEPOT AIR MINUM ISI ULANG DI KOTA MANADO

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Perisai P. Rumondor ◽  
John Porotu’o ◽  
Olivia Waworuntu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Enterobacter Agglomerans ◽  
Proteus Vulgaris ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

Abstract: Water is a chemical compound that has a very important role for the life of humans and other living creatures but also serve as a medium of transmission of diseases. Refillable drinking water has become a common choice for the people in Indonesia, including in the city of Manado. One of the diseases caused by drinking poor quality water is diarrhea. To determine the condition of the contaminated refillable drinking water, a research or clinical testing in the laboratory is needed. The purpose of this research was to determine the pattern of bacteria in refillable drinking water. This study uses a descriptive research method with a cross sectional approach. Samples were taken from 20 refillable drinking water depots in Manado city that have met the inclusion criteria. Identification of bacteria performed with the culture medium. The results showed 4 samples contained gram positive bacteria, 5 samples contained gram negative bacteria and 11 samples contained a mixture of gram positive and gram negative. Gram positive bacteria consists of three species which are Bacillus subtilis (14 samples; 42,42%), Streptococcus spp. (1 sample; 3,03%) and Staphylococcus spp. (1 sample; 3,03%) and. Six species of gram negative bacteria which are Shigella (1 sample; 3,03%), Diplococcus (1 sample; 3,03%), Enterobacter cloacae (2 samples; 6,06%), Enterobacter agglomerans (2 samples; 6,06%), Pseudomonas spp. (4 samples; 12,12%), and Proteus vulgaris (7 samples; 21,21%). The conclusion of this research most types bacteria of found were Bacillus subtilis. Keywords: bacteria, refillable drinking water    Abstrak: Air merupakan senyawa kimia yang sangat penting fungsinya bagi kehidupan umat manusia dan mahkluk hidup lainnya tapi juga dapat berperan sebagai media penularan penyakit. Air minum isi ulang telah menjadi pilihan umum masyarakat Indonesia, termasuk di kota Manado.Salah satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh air minum yang kualitas mikrobiologisnya buruk adalah diare.Untuk mengetahui kondisi terkontaminasi tidaknya air minum isi ulang diperlukan penelitian atau pengujian secara klinis di laboratorium.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola bakteri pada air minum isi ulang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel diambil dari 20 depot air minum isi ulang di Kota Manado yang telah memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Identifikasi bakteri dilakukan dengan media kultur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 4 sampel terdapat bakteri gram positif, 5 sampel terdapat gram negatif dan 11 sampel terdapat campuran bakteri gram positif dan gram negatif.Bakteri gram positif terdiri dari 3 spesies yaitu Bacillus subtilis (14 sampel; 42,42%), Streptococcus spp. (1 sampel; 3,03%)dan Staphilococcus spp. (1 sampel; 3,03%). Enam bakteri spesies gram negatif yaitu Shigella (1 sampel; 3,03%), Diplococcus (1 sampel; 3,03%), Enterobacter cloacae (2 sampel; 6,06%), Enterobacter agglomerans (2 sampel; 6,06%), Pseudomonas spp. (4 sampel; 12,12%) dan Proteus vulgaris (7 sampel; 21,21%). Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini jenis bakteri terbanyak yang ditemukan adalahBacillus subtilis. Kata Kunci: bakteri, air minum isi ulang

scholarly journals Bacterial Profile of Nurses’ Uniforms: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Bayuo ◽  
Emmanuel Obour ◽  
Felix Bonsu ◽  
Frank Agyei ◽  
Akua Asante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Setting ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Anterior Trunk ◽  
Posterior Trunk

Abstract Background: The bacterial profile associated with nurses’ uniforms have not been empirically ascertained within the Ghanaian setting. Objective: To evaluate the bacterial profile of scrubs worn by nurses over a 24-hour period. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used with 20 conveniently recruited Registered Nurses spread across a 24-hour shift period. Sterile scrubs were provided and at the end each shift, four zones were swabbed (axilla, anterior trunk, posterior trunk, and posterior aspects of the trousers). The laboratory isolation processes proceeded through colony identification, gram staining, catalase test (Gram-positive), lactose fermenter (Gram-negative), Triple Sugar Iron and Motility Indole Ornithine (Enterobacteria). Results: Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were identified which may suggest that irrespective of the unit in which nurses worked, their uniforms served as surfaces of bacterial habitation. At least, one organism was isolated at all the areas swabbed suggesting that nurses’ uniforms are contaminated at the end of their shift.Conclusion: The findings suggest a need for collective efforts to ensure that uniforms are not worn beyond the confines of the healthcare setting as well as strict adherence to infection prevention and control policies within the hospital.

scholarly journals BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF HOSPITALACQUIRED SEPTICEMIA IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN NORTH EAST INDIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Aroop Mohanty ◽  
Shantikumar Singh T ◽  
Ankita Kabi ◽  
Pratima Gupta ◽  
Priyanka Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
North East ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the bacterial agents responsible for hospital acquired septicaemia and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile of the bacterial isolates.Methods:  Three hundred fifty hospitalized clinically suspect septicaemia cases were included in this cross sectional observational study during a period of one year. Blood samples were collected with aseptic precautions for culture following universal precautions. Anti-microbial susceptibility test of the bacterial isolates was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, USA) guidelines.    Results: Over two-thirds of cultures showed gram positive organism. The most frequently identified Gram positive bacteria were coagulase negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus. Among gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp and Salmonella typhi were isolated. In our study, coagulase negative staphylococci showed maximum resistance to penicillin and erythromycin. Enterobactereciae had maximum sensitivity to carbapenems, tigecycline and aminoglycosides.Conclusion: Gram positive pathogens predominated in the blood stream infections. Résistance to fluoroquinolones, especially in Gram negative bacteria was significantly high. Therefore, rapid microbiological diagnosis and the determinants of antimicrobial susceptibility become relevant for early initiation of antimicrobial therapy.     

scholarly journals EFFECT OF SILICATE ON GRAM STAINING AND VIABILITY OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND OTHER BACTERIA

1956 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin M. MacLeod ◽  
Amy S. Roe
Keyword(s):  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Nutrient Broth ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Viridans Streptococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Negative State ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Application of silicate solutions to living or heat-killed pneumococci and to certain "viridans" streptococci causes their conversion from a Gram-positive to a Gram-negative state. The original staining properties can be restored by suspending the silicate-treated bacteria in alkaline solutions of various salts but not by simple washing in water. Living pneumococci and the strains of streptococci whose staining properties are similarly affected are killed when suspended in silicate solutions. In other Gram-positive species silicate causes conversion to Gram negativity but restoration to positivity occurs upon washing in water. In a third group of Gram-positive organisms silicate has no effect on the Gram reaction. The viability of organisms in these two groups is unaffected by silicate under the conditions employed. No effect on staining or viability of Gram-negative bacteria has been observed. The effects of silicate on staining and viability are inhibited by nutrient broth or whole serum but not by purified serum albumin. Lecithin, choline, and other substituted ammonium compounds also inhibit the effects of silicate on pneumococci.

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