scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN HASIL DETEKSI PLASMODIUM SPP ANTARA CARA PEMERIKSAAN MIKROSKOPIK TETESAN DARAH TEBAL DAN TEKNIK POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Sandra ◽  
Josef S. B. Tuda ◽  
Victor D. Pijoh
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Blood Smear ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Thick Blood Smear ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Genus Plasmodium ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract: Malaria is still a health problem in the world, especially in undeveloped countries. This disease is caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium and has two ways of transmission, naturally (Anopheles spp.) and unnaturally. WHO mentioned that in 2006 there were as many as 200-300 million cases of clinical malaria with 880,000 deaths. In 2012, it was recorded that there were a total of 8,691 malaria cases in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Therefore, an early diagnostic tool with high sensitivity and specificity is needed. This study aimed to compare the sensitivity and specificity in detection of Plasmodium spp by using thick blood smear method to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This was a diagnostic test using blood samples of 30 malaria patients at Budi Mulia Hospital and Manembo-nembo Hospital Bitung from September 2013 - January 2014. Thick blood smears were prepared and microcopically tested, then the specimens were scrapped and be further tested by using the PCR. The microscopic test showed 20 positive samples meanwhile the PCR showed 24 positive samples. A diagnostic test using predictive table 2x2 indicated that the PCR had 100% sensitivity in general, 60% specifity, 83.3% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value. Conclusion: Compared to the thick blood smear, the PCR was more accurate in detecting plasmodia in malaria cases with a moderate specificity value and a high sensitivity value.Keywords: thick blood smear, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), sensitivity, specificity  Abstrak: Malaria merupakan salah satu penyakit yang masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia terutama di negara-negara yang belum berkembang. Malaria disebabkan oleh protozoa dari genus Plasmodium dan ditularkan melalui dua cara yaitu alamiah melalui nyamuk Anopheles spp. dan tidak alamiah. WHO melaporkan bahwa pada 2006 terdapat 200-300 juta kasus malaria dengan 880.000 kematian. Di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia, dilaporkan total kasus malaria tahun 2012 sebesar 8.691. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu alat diagnostik dini dengan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan tingkat sensitivitas dan spesifisitas hasil deteksi Plasmodium spp antara cara pemeriksaan mikroskopik tetesan darah tebal dan teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Penelitian ini merupakan uji diagnostik dengan sampel darah dari 30 pasien malaria di RS Budi Mulia dan RS Manembo-nembo Bitung sejak September 2013 - Januari 2014. Setelah disiapkan tetesan darah tebal, dilakukan pemeriksaan mikroskopik. Selanjutnya, spesimen darah dikerok dan diperiksa dengan PCR. Hasil pemeriksaan mikroskopik menunjukkan 20 sampel positif malaria sedangkan pemeriksaan PCR 24 sampel positif malaria. Tes uji diagnostik dengan tabel prediktif 2x2 mendapatkan tingkat sensitivitas PCR secara umum sebesar 100%, spesifisitas 60%, nilai duga positif 83,33%, dan nilai duga negatif 100%. Simpulan: Dibandingkan tetesan darah tebal, pemeriksaan PCR dapat mendeteksi secara lebih akurat adanya plasmodia pada kasus malaria, dengan nilai spesifitas sedang dan nilai sensitivitas tinggi.Kata kunci: tetesan darah tebal, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), sensitivitas, spesifisitas

UJI DIAGNOSTIK POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION DIBANDINGKAN DENGAN PENGECATAN GIEMSA PADA INFEKSI MALARIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-86
Author(s):  
Hanina Hanina
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Malaria Diagnosis ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Consecutive Sampling ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Polymerase Chain

ABSTRACT Plasmodium is a parasite causing malaria, the most important infection disease in the world. Gold standard of malaria diagnosis was founded Plasmodium by Giemsa staining method. Fundamental difference between Giemsa and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is the ability to detect parasite. Giemsa can detect minimal 50-100 parasit/μl whereas PCR detect parasite DNA in lower parasitemia. The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the PCR compared to blood slide with Giemsa in detecting of malaria infection. A diagnostic test has been conducted in Laboratorium Biomedik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Jambi and Laboratorium Biomolekuler Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sriwijaya. There were 87 subjects who fulfilled the criteria inclusion and drawn by consecutive sampling. Blood samples were taken from venous blood. Detection of Plasmodium used Giemsa and PCR method. Detection of Plasmodium from 87 subjects, Giemsa and PCR method founded 1 subject (1.1%) P. falciparum and 4 subjects (4.6%) P. vivax. 82 subjects (94.3%) were negative. The sensitivity and specificity of PCR was 100%, positive predictive value and negative predictive value  was 100%.Conclusion is higher sensitivity and spesificity PCR methode in the malaria diagnosis was proven and PCR methode able to identified Plasmodium species accuratly.   Keywords: Plasmodium, Malaria, Giemsa, PCR, Diagnostic Test   ABSTRAK Plasmodium merupakan parasit penyebab malaria, suatu penyakit infeksi paling penting di dunia. Baku emas diagnosa malaria  adalah menemukan Plasmodium melalui pemeriksaan mikroskopis dengan pengecatan Giemsa. Perbedaan mendasar antara metode Giemsa dengan metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) terletak pada kemampuan mendeteksi parasit. Metode Giemsa hanya mampu mendeteksi Plasmodium dengan ambang batas antara 50-100 parasit/μl sedangkan metode  PCR dapat mendeteksi DNA parasit pada parasitemia yang lebih rendah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sensitivitas dan spesifisitas metode PCR dibandingkan dengan pengecatan Giemsa dalam menegakkan diagnosis infeksi malaria. Penelitian ini merupakan uji diagnostik yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Biomedik Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Jambi dan Laboratorium Biomolekuler Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sriwijaya. Penelitian dilakukan mulai bulan Januari sampai April 2017. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 87 orang yang diambil secara consecutive sampling dari laboratorium RS Theresia Jambi. Semua subjek diambil sampel darah venanya, kemudian dilakukan pengecatan Giemsa dan pemeriksaan PCR. Hasil pemeriksaan PCR nested menggunakan primer genus dan primer spesies Plasmodium ditemukan P.falciparum positif sebanyak 1 sampel (1,1%). Sedangkan P.vivax positif sebanyak 4 sampel (4,6%). Sebanyak 82 sampel (94,3%) negatif. Hal ini sesuai dengan hasil pemeriksaan mikroskopis dengan pengecatan Giemsa. Metode PCR dibandingkan dengan metode pengecatan Giemsa sensitivitas dan spesifisitasnya 100%, nilai prediksi positif dan nilai prediksi negatifnya 100%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode PCR sangat sensitif dan spesifik dalam penegakan diagnosis malaria dan mampu mengidentifikasi spesies parasit secara akurat.   Kata Kunci: Plasmodium, Malaria, Giemsa, PCR, Uji Diagnostik.

scholarly journals PCR - based diagnosis to evaluate the performance of malaria reference centers

2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Maria Di Santi ◽  
Karin Kirchgatter ◽  
Karen Cristina Sant'Anna Brunialti ◽  
Alessandra Mota Oliveira ◽  
Sergio Roberto Santos Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Blood Smear ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Thick Blood Smear ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Ssrrna Gene

Although the Giemsa-stained thick blood smear (GTS) remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of malaria, molecular methods are more sensitive and specific to detect parasites and can be used at reference centers to evaluate the performance of microscopy. The description of the Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae and P. ovale ssrRNA gene sequences allowed the development of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that had been used to differentiate the four species. The objective of this study was to determine Plasmodium species through PCR in 190 positive smears from patients in order to verify the quality of diagnosis at SUCEN's Malaria Laboratory. Considering only the 131 positive results in both techniques, GTS detected 4.6% of mixed and 3.1% of P. malariae infections whereas PCR identified 19.1% and 13.8%, respectively.

scholarly journals POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR SIX SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS - PRELIMINARY RESULTS

2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Alecsandra Iulia Grad ◽  
Mihaela Laura Vica ◽  
Horea Vladi Matei ◽  
Doru Lucian Grad ◽  
Ioan Coman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Background and aim. Sexually transmitted infections are a very frequent and under-diagnosed cause of illness worldwide. A high number of detection methods and a large range of specimens in which sexually transmitted infections can be determined are available at the moment. Polymerase chain reaction performed on first void urine offers the advantage of being non-invasive, self-collectable and has high sensitivity and specificity. We looked to determine the frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.Methods. Six sexually transmitted infections were determined in the first void urine of 15 symptomatic and asymptomatic patients by polymerase chain reaction. We used “Epicenter MasterPure™ Complete DNA and RNA Purification Kit” for the DNA purification and “Seeplex® STD6 ACE Detection” for the DNA amplification. The results were examined in UV light.Results. A number of 5 patients had positive results for Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sexually transmitted infections are more frequent in men between 27 and 40 years old.Conclusions. Polymerase chain reaction is a good diagnostic tool for sexually transmitted infections because it has a high sensitivity and specificity. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most frequent sexually transmitted infection, followed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

scholarly journals LOOP-MEDIATED ISOTHERMAL AMPLIFICATION FOR DETECTION OF C. BURNETII IN BULGARIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-151
Author(s):  
M. Kunchev ◽  
V. Belcheva ◽  
E. Grigorov
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Isothermal Amplification ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Retrospective Diagnosis ◽  
Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification ◽  
The World ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Q fever, which is caused by Coxiella burnetii, a small, pleomorphic intracellular bacterium, is the most widespread zoonosis in the world. The chronic form of the disease can lead to disability and death. Rapid diagnosis of Q fever is needed in order that effective treatment can be initiated. The conventional retrospective diagnosis of Q fever, based on serology, is useless for the treatment of afflicted patients. Thus, molecular methods have been created to close the diagnostic gap between the onset of the disease and the presence of specific antibodies in serum. A polymerase chain reaction is a suitable and reliable method with high sensitivity and specificity, but it requires expensive equipment and post-amplification protocol. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an isothermal technique, conducted at constant temperature that can amplify a negligible amount of DNA to more than 109 copies within one hour, using special primers and polymerase. We have tested the sensitivity and specificity of LAMP in the detection of C. burnetii. The mean positive rate of LAMP and polymerase chain reaction in patients was 100% and 74%, respectively. LAMP reacted negatively with non-C. burnetii pathogens and non-infected blood samples. We conclude that LAMP is a sensitive and specific technique for the detection of C. burnetii and has advantages over serological methods and PCR that make it attractive for diagnosing Q fever in countries around the world.

scholarly journals Performance comparison of two malaria rapid diagnostic test with real time polymerase chain reaction and gold standard of microscopy detection method

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puspa Wardhani ◽  
Trieva Verawaty Butarbutar ◽  
Christophorus Oetama Adiatmaja ◽  
Amarensi Milka Betaubun ◽  
Nur Hamidah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Background: The diagnostic test for malaria is mostly based on Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and detection by microscopy. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is also a sensitive detection method that can be considered as a diagnostic tool. The outcome of malaria microscopy detection depends on the examiner's ability and experience. Some RDT has been distributed in Indonesia, which needs to be evaluated for their results. Objective: This study aimed to compare the performance of RightSign RDT and ScreenPlus RDT for detection of Plasmodium in human blood. We used specific real-time polymerase chain reaction abTESTMMalaria qPCRII) and gold standard of microscopy detection method to measure diagnostic efficiency. Methods: Blood specimens were evaluated using RightSign RDT, ScreenPlus RDT, Microscopy detection, and RT-PCR as the protocol described. The differences on specificity (Sp), sensitivity (Sn), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were analyzed using McNemar and Kruskal Wallis analysis. Results: A total of 105 subjects were recruited. Based on microscopy test, RightSign RDT had sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, NPV, 100%, 98%, 98.2%, 100%, respectively. ScreenPlus showed 100% sensitivity, 98% specificity, 98.2% PPV, 100% NPV. The sensitivity of both RDTs became lower (75%) and the specificity higher (100 %) when using real-time PCR. Both RDTs showed a 100% agreement. RT-PCR detected higher mix infection when compared to microscopy and RDTs. Conclusion: RightSign and ScreenPlus RDT have excellent performance when using microscopy detection as a gold standard. Real-time PCR method can be considered as a confirmation tool for malaria diagnosis.

A case report of Brugian filariasis outside an endemic area in Thailand

2012 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Yokmek ◽  
W. Warunyuwong ◽  
S. Rojanapanus ◽  
C. Jiraamornimit ◽  
J.J. Boitano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Blood Smear ◽  
High Resolution Melting ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Thick Blood Smear ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Polymerase Chain

AbstractA 2-year-old boy living outside the endemic area of lymphatic filariasis in Surat Thani Province, Thailand, developed a high fever. To investigate the cause of his presenting symptoms, blood was collected and microfilariae were detected and identified as Brugia malayi using thick blood smear staining. The sources of the infection were investigated. Microfilariae from two domestic cats residing in the boy's village were detected and identified as B. pahangi using a high-resolution melting real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The possible sources of this cryptic infection are discussed.

scholarly journals Perbandingan Efektifitas Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) dengan Pemeriksaan Mikroskop pada Penderita Malaria Klinis di Puskesmus Mubune Kecamatan Likupang Barat

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natanael Ritung ◽  
Victor D. Pijoh ◽  
Janno B. B. Bernadus
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Malaria Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Malaria ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract: Malaria is still a public health problem worldwide, especially in economically underdeveloped and undeveloped countries. There are several laboratory diagnostic tests for malaria inter alia microscopic examination (thick and thin stained blood smear), rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This study was aimed to compare the effectivity of RDT with of microscopic examination as the gold standard of malaria diagnosis. This was a diagnostic test study. Blood samples were obtained from 38 people of clinical malaria who lived at Likupang Barat from October 2015 to January 2016. The RDT results were compared with the microscopic examination to obtain the sensitivity and specifity levels. The results showed that of the RDT, the sensitivity was 67%, the specifity was 97%, the positive predictive value was 67%, and the negative predictive value was 97%. Conclusion: Rapid diagnostic test was nearly as effective as the microscopic examination of malaria.Keywords: RDT, microscopic examination, sensitivity, specificityAbstrak: Malaria masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia terutama di negara yang secara ekonomis masih tertinggal dan belum berkembang. Diagnosis laboratorik malaria dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara antara lain pemeriksaan mikroskopik yaitu hapusan darah tebal dan hapusan darah tipis, rapid diagnostic test (RDT), dan polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan tingkat efektifitas antara RDT dengan pemeriksaan mikroskopik yang merupakan baku emas diagnostik malaria. Jenis penelitian ialah uji diagnostik. Sampel darah diambil dari 38 orang dengan klinis malaria di Likupang Barat sejak Oktober 2015 - Januari 2016. Hasil pemeriksaan RDT dibandingkan dengan hasil pemeriksaan mikrsokopik untuk mengetahui tingkat sensivitas dan spesifisitasnya. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan tingkat sensivitas RDT secara umum sebesar 67%, spesifitas sebesar 97%, nilai duga positif sebesar 67%, dan nilai duga negatif sebesar 97%. Simpulan: Pemeriksaan RDT menunjukkan efektivitas dan akurasi yang hampir sama dengan pemeriksaan mikroskopik.Kata kunci: RDT, pemeriksaan mikroskopis, sensitivitas, spesifitas

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN DETEKSI PLASMODIUM SPP ANTARA METODE IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC ASSAY DENGAN METODE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanes Nyoman D. Widiswara Mawan
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Immunochromatographic Assay ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Genus Plasmodium ◽  
The World ◽  
Rapid Tests ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract: Malaria is caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium remains a health problem in the world, especially in tropical countries and subtropical. Incidence of malaria from the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that in 2010 as many as 219 million cases of clinical malaria episodes show and 660,000 of them died. Therefore we need a means of early diagnosis has a sensitivity and specificity are good. This study compared the sensitivity and specificity of detection of Plasmodium spp using Immunochromatographic Assay method commonly known as rapid inspection test and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This study is a diagnostic test with a sample of 30 people who were taken with random sampling method in malaria patients who come to Budi Mulia Hospital since September 2013 - November 2013. The sample is a blood specimen taken at the brachial vein previously given informed consent in patients with the triad of symptoms of malaria in the area of ​​Bitung, Manado. From the blood samples examined by PCR. The results of the rapid tests and PCR in the detection of Plasmodium spp diagnostic test is then performed to determine the level of sensitivity and specificity. Result: The level of sensitivity of rapid tests in general by 89,2%, specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 40%. Conclusions: The sensitivity is moderate but has high specificity. Keywords:   Immunochromatographic Assay, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), rapid tests, sensitivity, specificity  Abstrak: Malaria yang disebabkan oleh protozoa dari genus Plasmodium masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia terutama di negara- negara tropis dan subtropis. Kejadian malaria dari World Health Organization (WHO) menunjukan bahwa pada 2010 sebanyak 219 juta kasus menunjukan episode klinik malaria dan 660.000 diantaranya meninggal dunia. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu alat diagnosa dini yang memiliki sensitivitas dan spesifisitas yang yang baik. Penelitian ini membandingkan tingkat sensitivitas dan spesifisitas deteksi Plasmodium spp dengan menggunakan metode Immunochromatographic Assay yang biasa dikenal dengan pemeriksaan rapid tes dan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian uji diagnostik dengan sampel sejumlah 30 orang yang diambil secara random sampling pada pasien malaria yang datang ke RSU Budi Mulia sejak bulan September 2013 - November 2013. Sampel adalah spesimen darah yang diambil pada vena brachialis yang sebelumnya telah diberikan inform consent pada pasien dengan gejala trias malaria di daerah Bitung, Manado. Dari sampel darah tersebut dilakukan pemeriksaan dengan PCR. Hasil dari rapid tes dengan metode Immunochromatographic dan PCR dalam mendeteksi Plasmodium spp selanjutnya dilakukan uji diagnostik untuk mengetahui tingkat sensitivitas dan spesifisitasnya. Hasil : Tingkat sensitivitas rapid tes secara umum sebesar 89,2%, spesifisitas sebesar 100%, nilai duga positif sebesar 100% dan nilai duga negatif sebesar 40%. Simpulan: Nilai sensitivitas yang sedang tetapi  memiliki  nilai spesifisitas  yang tinggi. Kata Kunci : Immunochromatographic Assay, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), rapid tes, sensitivitas, spesifisitas

scholarly journals Diagnostic test of urine sample, vaginal smear and combination of urine with vaginal smear to identify Neisseria gonorrhoeae with polymerase chain reaction method

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 2547
Author(s):  
Kristina Nadeak
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Background: Gonorrhoea is a disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae that is transmitted through sexual contact. There are several examinations performed on gonorrhoea infection, one of them is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The objective is to determine the diagnostic test of urine samples, vaginal smear and combination of urine and vaginal smear in identifying Neisseria gonorrhoeae using the PCR method.Methods: This study is a diagnostic test with a cross-sectional design involving 58 female sex workers (FSW). All FSWs are carried out of history and physical examination. Urine sampling, vaginal smear, combination of urine and vaginal smear, and endocervical smear were obtained for identifying Neisseria gonorrhoeae using PCR method, then a diagnostic test analysis of each sample was performed.Results: The diagnostic test of PCR for Neisseria gonorrhoeae from urine samples was found sensitivity 44.4%, specificity 20.0%, positive predictive value (PPV) 83.3%, negative predictive value (NPV) 3.8% and accuracy 42.0%. From vaginal smear, we obtained sensitivity 34.0%, specificity 66.7%, PPV 88.2%, NPV 12.1% and accuracy 38.0%. And from combination of urine and vaginal smear, we obtained sensitivity 51.1%, specificity 20.0%, PPV 85.2%, NPV 4.3% and accuracy 48.0%.Conclusions: From these results the researchers suggested that urine, vaginal and combination of urine and vaginal smear could not be used as an alternative to examine the sensitivity and specificity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, so the endocervical sample remained the reference sample for examination of nucleic acid amplification tests for Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN DETEKSI Plasmodium spp. ANTARA CARA PEMERIKSAAN MIKROSKOPIK SEDIAAN DARAH TIPIS DENGAN TEKNIK POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rilvia Mona Cambey
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Blood Smear ◽  
Thin Blood Smear ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract: Malaria disease is one of the priority of the health programs because it affects the Human Development Index, which result in icreased mortality among infants, toddlers, pregnant woman and adults. WHO noted that in 2010 there was 219 million cases of malaria with mortality rate of 660.0000 annually.Until now, the microscopic method who has many limitation is  still the gold standard in malaria examination. On other side, Polymerase Chain Reaction which proved accurate as it can identify Plasmodium up to the stage of DNA is not yet use as routine examination of Malaria Disease. The purpose of this study was compare the sensitivity and specificity of detection Plasmodium spp. using the gold standard Microscopic examination (thin blood smear)  with the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. The design of this study is Diagnostic Test with a sample of 30 people whoose blood was drawn in malaria patients who come to the RSU Budi Mulia Bitung and RS Manembo-nembo since September 2013- Januari 2014. Blood taken made into a thin blood smear  then extracted and proceeded  to PCR. Then from the result of both test, diagnostic test applied to determine the level of sensitivity,spesificity,positif predictive value, and negatif predictive value. Results: The level of sensitivity of the PCR was 100%,specificity 60%, positif predictive value 83,33&, and negatif predictive value 100%.Conclusion: PCR is more accurate in determining the plasmodium species and produce fewer errors than the diagnosis of Microscopic examination thin blood smears. Keywords: Microscopic Examination, Thin blood smear, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), sensitivity, specificity   Abstrak: Malaria merupakan salah satu prioritas program kesehatan karena mempengaruhi Human Development Index yang mengakibatkan meningkatnya angka kematian pada bayi, balita, ibu hamil, dan orang-orang dewasa. WHO mencatat pada tahun 2010 terdapat 219 juta kasus malaria dengan angka kematian 660.000 setiap tahunnya. Sampai sekarang ini, metode mikroskopis yang memiliki banyak keterbatasan masih menjadi standar baku emas dalam pemeriksaan malaria. Dilain pihak Polymerase Chain Reaction yang terbukti akurat karena dapat mengidentifikasi plasmodium sampai pada tahap DNA belum dijadikan pemeriksaan rutin penyakit malaria.Tujuan : Penelitian ini membandingkan tingkat sensitivitas dan spesifisitas deteksi Plasmodium spp menggunakan pemeriksaan baku emas yaitu mikroskopik sediaan darah tipis dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian uji diagnostik dengan sampel sejumlah 30 orang yang darahnya diambil  pada pasien malaria yang datang ke RSU Budi Mulia dan RS Manembo-nembo sejak bulan September 2013 - Januari 2014. Darah yang diambil, dibuat menjadi hapusan darah tipis, kemudian diekstraksi dan di lanjutkan ke pemeriksaan PCR. Kemudian dari hasil kedua pemeriksaan, dilakukan uji diagnostik untuk mengetahui tingkat sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai duga positif dan nilai duga negatif. Hasil: Tingkat sensitivitas PCR sebesar 100%, spesifisitas sebesar 60%, nilai duga positif sebesar 83,33% dan nilai duga negatif sebesar 100%.Simpulan: PCR lebih akurat dalam menentukan spesies plasmodium dan lebih sedikit menghasilkan kesalahan diagnosis daripada pemeriksaan mikroskopik sediaan darah tipis.Kata Kunci: Pemeriksaan Mikroskopis, Sediaan Darah Tipis,Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Sensitivitas, Spesifisitas.

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