Willingness to pay for a hypothetical malaria vaccine in Brazil: a cross-sectional study and the implications

Aim: Malaria is an infection caused by protozoa of genus Plasmodium, considered the one associated with increasingly large outbreaks. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with residents in the northern region of Brazil on the willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical vaccine against malaria (effective protection of 80%). Results: Of 616 people interviewed, most interviewees were female (61%) and were employed (97%). The median individual maximum WTP for a hypothetical malaria vaccine was US$11.90 (BRL 50). Conclusion: The northern region of Brazil is one of the largest markets for a malaria vaccine due to its epidemiological relevance. Consequently, economic studies will be important to assist in the assessment of the potential price and value of new vaccines.

Synthesis of novel aminoquinolines with potential leishmanicidal and antimalarial biological activity / Síntese de novas aminoquinolinas com potencial actividade biológica leishmanicida e antimalárica

Leishmaniasis is a disease transmitted by different parasite species of the genus Leishmania, while malaria, by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium sp. These diseases affect tropical and subtropical regions, where about half of the world's population live. However, leishmaniasis and malaria are considered neglected diseases because these regions are poor, and consequently have precarious essential sanitation networks. In response to the lack of vaccines and effective medical measures, some natural and synthetic medicines are used as forms of treatment, such as quinoline derivatives necessary to treat malaria. Even so, the parasites have shown resistance to forms of treatment, which makes needed the constant development of new drugs with potential against them. Quinoline derivatives, chloroquine analogues, have potential activity for the diseases of interest, while anilines are molecules used in nucleophilic reactions on different substrates. Therefore, the work consisted of exploring the synthesis between these two compounds through subsequent reactions involving the formation of intermediates that resulted in the products of interest. Twelve novel derivatives with potential leishmanicidal and antimalarial biological activity were synthesized. The molecules produced were purified and rightly characterized by several methods, such as mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Carbon (13C) and Hydrogen (1H). Also, were obtained the melting points of the synthesized molecules. Finally, all products were sent for biological tests against the parasites, getting highly effective results for the protozoa responsible for leishmaniasis.

Medicinal Plants Explain the Significant Role of Uric Acid for Malaria Parasite

Medicinal plants, recognized and employed in conventional medicine practices since prehistoric era. Plants produce thousands of chemical substances for functions counting defence against insects, fungi, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Malaria is most widespread parasitic infection , it caused by coccidian protozoa of the genus plasmodium , four species are mostly infect human, P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malriae and P. ovale, Majority of malaria cases resulted from P. falciparum and P. vivax. Uric acid regarded as one of the damaging molecular patterns of malaria parasite infection, and in this review we discussed the potential role of medicinal plants used as antimalarial to diminish the level of uric acid in gout patients. These may suggest that most of the complication associated with malaria, may attributed to amplified level of uric acid . Experimental studies recommended.

Expert System for Early Diagnosis of Tropical Malaria and Tertiana Malaria using Certainty Factor

Twano Health Center is one of the technical implementing units of the Jayapura City Health Office which organizes Health Efforts, but the constraints regarding the facilities and infrastructure of the Puskesmas are not yet adequate in supporting health services. Based on observations, the increase in the level of malaria sufferers in the Jayapura area is caused by parasites (protozoa) of the genus Plasmodium and the mode of transmission is through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. There are two types of malaria that are often experienced by Jayapura residents, namely Tropical Malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) and Tertiana (Plasmodium vivax). The purpose of this study is to create an expert system that can diagnose early diseases such as an expert or doctor using the Certainty Factor method which expresses belief in an event (fact or hypothesis) based on evidence or expert judgment in early diagnosis of Tropical Malaria and Tertiana. The research subjects taken were 5 patients who had symptoms of Malaria and 1 doctor to determine the symptoms of the disease) The expert system using the Certainty Factor method was used because this method was suitable in determining the disease, and the result was a percentage which was the level of accuracy in determining the patient's disease. Determination of the percentage is influenced by the MB value (a measure of the increase in confidence) and the MD value (a measure of the increase in distrust) obtained from the assessment of an expert. For data modeling using data flow diagrams (DFD) and website-based. Total accurate patient recapitulation results are 80% of the Expert System for Early Diagnosis of Tropical Malaria and Tertiana using Certainty Factor

Gambaran Perilaku Pencegahan Penyakit Malaria di Sumatera Selatan (Analisis Lanjut Riskesdas 2018)

Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite (protozoa) of the genus plasmodium, transmitted through the Anopheles mosquito's bite Prevention by vector control and preventing mosquito bites to humans needs to be carried out to break the chain of transmission. This study aims to find out at the description of malaria prevention conducted by community in South Sumatera. This is descriptive research with a cross-sectional approach using data from the results of the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2018. The research sample were 33,566 people spread in 17 districts/cities in South Sumatera. The respondents were dominant in the 36-45 years age group, male, had low education, and had a job as a farmer. The results showed that the most widely used prevention of mosquito bites in South Sumatra was using non-insecticide mosquito nets and mosquito repellents. Meanwhile, insecticide-treated mosquito nets that are often used are generally more than three years. The respondents who live in areas that have obtained a malaria elimination certificate and respondents with low levels of education tend to sleep using insecticide-treated mosquito nets.

Effect of Plasmodium berghei infection on fetuses in pregnant BALB/c mice at two periods of pregnancy

Malaria is a disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Plasmodium in humans and vertebrates. It has a high morbidity and mortality rate, especially in pregnant women living in countries with high transmission rates. Murine models have been an excellent tool to evaluate the effects of malarial infection in the mother-fetus relationship. For this reason, we evaluated the effect of malarial infection on fetal development at the beginning and middle of the gestational period in BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Our results show that malarial infection at the beginning of pregnancy markedly affects the development of the fetus in size, weight, and development of its limbs so that the control of the pregnant mother is relevant at the beginning of gestation

EFEKTIVITAS MINYAK SEREH TERHADAP LARVA Anopheles Sp.

Malaria adalah penyakit mengancam jiwa yang disebabkan oleh parasit Protozoa genus Plasmodium. Penyakit ini ditularkan ke manusia melalui gigitan nyamuk Anopheles spesies betina yang bertindak sebagai vektor. Provinsi Lampung termasuk dalam endemisitas rendah dengan API per tahun 0,4 per 1.000 penduduk. Walaupun di Provinsi Lampung endemisitas rendah, tetapi sebagian daerah di Provinsi Lampung merupakan daerah endemis yang berpotensi untuk mengembangkan penyakit malaria. Desa endemis malaria di Provinsi Lampung berjumlah 223 desa atau 10ml dari seluruh jumlah desa. API di Kabupaten/Kota pada tahun 2014 tertinggi berada di Kota Bandar Lampung dan Kabupaten Pesawaran (Desa Padang Cermin, Desa Pidada dan Desa Hanura). Untuk mengetahui keefektifan efektivitas minyak sereh terhadap daya tahan larva Anopheles sp. Jenis penelitian eksperimental laboratorium, Rancangan penelitian Acak Lengkap dengan perlakuan pada kelompok eksperimen dengan kelompok kontrol. Desain ini terdapat dua kelompok masing-masing dipilih secara acak (randomization). Penelitian ini menggunakan 5 perlakuan yang terdiri dari 4 kelompok perlakuan dan 1 kelompok kontrol ( kontrol negatif ) dengan 5 kali ulangan ( replikasi ). Setelah di lakukan penelitian ini di daptkan hasil minyak sereh memiliki efektivitas terhadap kematian larva pada kosentrasi 0,4ml larva mati sama penelitian sebelumya pada kosentarsi 0,42ml membunuh larva pada waktu 2 jam. dan rata-rata tertinggi pada kosentrasi 1ml itu larva mati 100ml. Penelitian ini menggunakan minyak sereh dicampur tween 80ml dan aquades 198 ml dan berbgai kosentrasi bias membunuh larva pada waktu 2 jam larva mati 100ml karena minyak sereh mengandung racun kontak sehingga larva kehilangan cairan terus menerus sehingga larva kekurangan cairan biasa menyebabkan kematian pada larva. Setelah dilakukan penelitian didapatkan hasil minyak sereh memiliki efektivitas terhadap kematian larva Anopheles Sp.

Prevalansi Malaria di Puskesmas Sanggeng Kabupaten Manokwari Periode November sampai Desember 2019

Malaria is a disease caused by parasitic infection, named Protozoa from the genus Plasmodium which is transmitted to humans by the bite of Anopheles mosquito. Manokwari Regency, which is located in West Papua Province, is a high malaria endemic area with Annual Parasite Incidence (API) 22.88 in 2018, this numbers is included in the High Case Incidence (HCI)> 5 category. The aim of this study is to analyze malaria cases in patients who treated at Sanggeng Public Health Center from November to December 2019 based on; the number of cases, patient characteristics (age group and gender) and type of Plasmodium. This research method is descriptive with a laboratory approach, namely microscopic examination of thin and thick blood preparations using a microscope. The results of the study of 730 patients, there were 35 malaria positive blood supplies. The highest prevalence of people with malaria were aged ≥ 15 years (51.42%). Most of the patients with malaria based on gender were women (51.43%) and the types of plasmodium found were Plasmodium falciparum (20%) and Plasmodium vivax (80%). Keywords: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Anopheles, malaria endemic ABSTRAK Malaria merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan infeksi parasit yaitu Protozoa dari genus Plasmodium yang ditular pada manusia oleh gigitan nyamuk Anopheles. Kabupaten Manokwari yang berada di wilayah Provinsi Papua Barat merupakan daerah endemis tinggi malaria dengan Annual Parasite Incidence (API) 22,88 tahun 2018, angka ini termasuk dalam kategori High Case Incidence (HCI) > 5. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis kasus malaria pada pasien yang berobat di Puskemas Sanggeng dari bulan November sampai Desember 2019 . Berdasarkan jumlah kasus, karakteristik pasien (berdasarkan kelompok umur dan jenis kelamin) dan jenis Plasmodium. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan laboratorium yaitu pemeriksaan secara mikroskopik sediaan darah tipis dan sediaan darah tebal menggunakan mikroskop. Hasil penelitian dari 730 pasien terdapat 35 sedian darah positif malaria. Prevalensi usia yang kena malaria paling tinggi pada usia ≥ 15 tahun (51,42 %). Penderita malaria berdasarkan jenis kelamin terbanyak adalah perempuan (51,43 %) dan jenis plasmodium yang ditemukan adalah Plasmodium falciparum (20%) dan Plasmodium vivax (80%). Kata kunci: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Anopheles, endemis malaria

An update on prevention of malaria in travelers

Malaria, a parasitic disease caused by protozoa belonging to the genus Plasmodium, continues to represent a formidable public health challenge. Despite being a preventable disease, cases reported among travelers have continued to increase in recent decades. Protection of travelers against malaria, a potentially life-threatening disease, is of paramount importance, and it is therefore necessary for healthcare professionals to be up to date with the most recent recommendations. The present review provides an update of the existent measures for malaria prevention among travelers.