The Effect of Heat and Cryogenic Treatment on Wear Properties of 6061 Alloy

The published information on ferrous and nonferrous metals especially Aluminium alloys subjected to deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) have yielded much improved mechanical, tribological and thermal properties resulting in improved properties in the field. Keeping the above aspects in view, tribological studies have been taken up in this work with the main objective of evaluating the wear resistance of the most used Aluminium alloys viz: Al 6061 samples at cryogenic temperature and subjected them to deep cryogenic treatment for temperature . The novelty of the work lies in conducting the wear test in cryogenic atmosphere which is the first of its kind as meagre report is available. It is observed from the wear data that the slide wear resistance and coefficient of friction evaluated in the laboratory conditions show superior wear resistance for the load application of 40N and 50N and lower friction levels for the samples subjected to sliding at cryogenic temperature as well as for the samples deeply cryo treated compared to the untreated ones. The data have been substantiated by Scanning Electron Microscopic features (SEM).

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Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Carburized 20CrNi2MoV Steel

Metals ◽

10.3390/met8100808 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 808 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Binzhou Li ◽

Changsheng Li ◽

Yu Wang ◽

Xin Jin

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Wear Resistance ◽

Sliding Wear ◽

Cryogenic Treatment ◽

Wear Test ◽

Deep Cryogenic Treatment ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Conventional Heat Treatment ◽

Carburizing Process ◽

Ball On Disc

This paper investigated the response of carburized 20CrNi2MoV steel to cryogenic treatment including microstructure and wear resistance. Two cryogenic treatment methods including cryogenic treatment at −80 °C (CT) and deep cryogenic treatment at −196 °C (DCT) as well as conventional heat treatment (CHT) were carried out after carburizing process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were employed for microstructure characterization. The wear resistance was investigated by ball-on-disc sliding wear test on a multi-functional tribometer. The results show that the wear resistance of the experimental steel has been improved by 17% due to CT and by 25.5% due to DCT when compared to CHT. This significant improvement in wear resistance after cryogenic treatment is attributed to the microstructural changes including the finer martensitic structure, the reduction of retained austenite and the development of fine and more numerous carbides. Among these factors, the precipitation of fine carbides plays a more prominent role in enhancing wear resistance.

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Effect of Deep Cryogenic Process on the Microstructure and Hardness and Wear Resistance of High Carbon Tool Steel

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.934.100 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 934 ◽

pp. 100-104

Author(s):

Yuan Ching Lin ◽

Ji Wei Gong

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

Tool Steel ◽

Cryogenic Treatment ◽

Wear Test ◽

High Carbon ◽

Deep Cryogenic Treatment ◽

Treatment Conditions ◽

The Matrix ◽

Cryogenic Process ◽

The Moment

In this investigation, the effects of different heat treatment conditions on the mechanical properties of high carbon tool steel (SK2) were explored. Experimental results indicated that immediately doing deep cryogenic treatment can effectively reduce retained austenite after quenching. The moment of the holding time for the cryogenic treatment was extended can promote the fine carbides precipitated, and thus increased its hardness. The results of X-ray diffraction showed that the carbides in the matrix included Fe3C and Fe7C3.The wear test results demonstrated that the specimen with Q-T1hr-C24hr-T1hr treatment has the highest wear resistance than the others, which was caused by the effect of several tempering processes to improve toughness of the matrix and to precipitate considerable quantities of the fine carbides.

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INFLUENCE OF DEEP CRYOGENIC TREATMENT AT ABRASIVE WEAR RESISTANCE IN ASTM 743 CA6NM

Revista de Engenharia Térmica ◽

10.5380/reterm.v12i1.62014 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 25

Author(s):

A. F. Hernandez ◽

C. R. M. Silva ◽

J. A. Araujo ◽

J. D. B. De Mello

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

Abrasive Wear ◽

Retained Austenite ◽

Cryogenic Treatment ◽

Lath Martensite ◽

Wear Test ◽

Abrasive Wear Resistance ◽

Deep Cryogenic Treatment ◽

Conventional Heat Treatment ◽

The Matrix

The Deep Cryogenic Treatment (DCT) has been used for improvement of steel mechanical properties, basically the abrasive wear resistance. At this work the cryogenic treatment at -190oC for 20 hours was applied, after conventional heat treatment, to improve its abrasive wear resistance. The specimens, divided in two groups, had been austenitized for forty five minutes at 965oC and 1065oC, respectively, then quenched in oil at room temperature. Afterwards they were tempered at 565oC for 90 minutes, and then cooled in air. Subsequently some samples were treated cryogenically, and some of them were submitted to a new cycle of tempering at 565oC for 90 minutes. The performed experiment included: hardness brinell, Xraydifratometry, metallography and micro-abrasive wear test. Variations in the microstructure with an improvement in the abrasive wear coefficient were found. These variations are probably a positive effect of the DCT on the samples microstructure. The microstructure were transformed from blocks of parallel lath martensite to small parallel or almost parallel packages of fine needles forming austenite. Traces of previous or retained austenite were found delimiting the grains. It is presumed that micro-carbide homogeneously distributed in the matrix and in the grain´s contours of the retained austenite was formed.

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Deep cryogenic treatment of En 31 and En 8 steel for the development of wear resistance

Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies ◽

10.1080/2374068x.2021.1878696 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

D. Senthilkumar

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

Cryogenic Treatment ◽

Deep Cryogenic Treatment ◽

En 31

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Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on the Microstructure and Wear Resistance of a Novel Nanobainite Steel

steel research international ◽

10.1002/srin.202000554 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shichao Fan ◽

Hai Hao ◽

Xingguo Zhang

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

Cryogenic Treatment ◽

Deep Cryogenic Treatment

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A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Normal Human Stapes

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/00034894790886s401 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 88 (6_suppl4) ◽

pp. 2-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Malcolm D. Graham ◽

Rodney Perkins

Keyword(s):

Microscopic Study ◽

Electron Microscopic Study ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽

Microscopic Features ◽

Microscopic Studies ◽

Normal Human ◽

Temporal Bones ◽

Scanning Electron

The structure of the normal human stapes was studied with the scanning electron microscope. Specimens were obtained 48 hours after death from adult human temporal bones free from obvious inflammatory disease. The specimens were fixed, dissected, critical-point dried and coated with gold. In this scanning electron microscopic study an attempt has been made to systematically demonstrate the average scanning electron microscopic features of various areas of the normal human stapes. An emphasis has been placed upon demonstrating as clearly as possible the details previously unclear or unrecognized and duplication of many excellent earlier light and electron microscopic studies has not been attempted. The typical appearance of the stapes head, neck, arch, crura and footplate has been presented. It is apparent that there exists a high degree of structural specialization particularly in the stapes arch and footplate area.

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Scanning Electron Microscopic Features of Extubated Monoka Stents

Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery ◽

10.1097/iop.0000000000000610 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 90-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mohammad Javed Ali ◽

Farhana Baig ◽

Mekala Lakhsman ◽

Milind N. Naik

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopic ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽

Microscopic Features ◽

Scanning Electron

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Evaluation of Deep Criogenic Treatment at Microabrasive Wear of Aisi D2 Steel

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.1257 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1120-1121 ◽

pp. 1257-1263

Author(s):

Cosme Roberto Moreira Silva ◽

Tiago F.O. Melo ◽

José A. Araújo ◽

J.L.A. Ferreira ◽

S.J. Gobbi

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

Treatment Cycle ◽

Cryogenic Treatment ◽

Deep Cryogenic Treatment ◽

Abrasive Resistance ◽

Austenitization Temperature ◽

Aisi D2 Steel ◽

X Ray ◽

Aisi D2 ◽

D2 Steel

Wear resistance of tool steels can be increased with deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) application. Mechanisms related to DCT are still not completely understood. Microabrasive wear resistance of cryogenically treated samples of AISI D2 steel was evaluated in terms of austenitization temperature at heat treatment cycle and quenching steps related to DCT. X-ray difractometry, scanning and optical microscopy and quantitative evaluation of carbides with image analysis were carried out aiming material characterization. For samples subjected to higher austenitization temperatures, the DCT treatment does not increase abrasive wear resistance. For samples treated at lower austenitization temperature, the DCT treatment results on 44% increase at abrasive resistance. This effect is correlated to the increase of the amount of fine carbides distributed at samples matrices cryogenically treated.

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Performance of a Matrix Type High Speed Steel after Deep Cryogenic and Low Tempering Temperature

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1423 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1016 ◽

pp. 1423-1429

Author(s):

Kaweewat Worasaen ◽

Andreas Stark ◽

Karuna Tuchinda ◽

Piyada Suwanpinij

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

High Speed ◽

Cryogenic Treatment ◽

High Speed Steel ◽

High Energy ◽

Single Step ◽

Deep Cryogenic Treatment ◽

Tempering Temperature ◽

Matrix Type ◽

Bcc Structure

A matrix type high speed steel YXR3 designed for a combination of wear resistance and toughness is investigated for its mechanical properties after hardening by deep cryogenic treatment follow by tempering. The deep cryogenic quenching carried out at -200 °C for 36 hours and the single step tempering results in an obvious improvement in wear resistance while balancing the toughness, comparing with the conventional quenching followed by a double tempering treatment. The quantitative image analysis reveals little difference in the MC carbide size distribution between tempering at different temperatures. The synchrotron high energy XRD confirms the MC type carbide with some evolution in its orientation together with tempered martensite approaching the BCC structure at higher temperatures. In contrary to the conventional quenching and tempering, the lowest tempering temperature at 200 °C yields a moderate drop in hardness with increase in surface toughness proportionally while exhibiting exceptional wear resistance. Such thermal cycle can be recommended for the industry both for the practicality and improved tool life.

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