De las marcas desde el consumidor a las marcas desde el profesional de la comunicación: un pensamiento con la obligación de coincidir

Desde 2008, la empresa multinacional de publicidad Havas Media Group y la también multinacional de asesoría en comunicación audiovisual y producción Vivendi Brand Marketing, ambas de nacionalidad francesa, publican el estudio Meaningful Brands. Dicho estudio consiste, tal como manifiestan los creadores, en avanzar más allá del producto, explorando cómo las marcas mejoran la vida de las personas y su papel en la sociedad. Es un estudio de ámbito mundial, con entrevistas a 350.000 personas (38.000 en España), en 31 países, sobre 22 sectores y 1.800 marcas. Se trata de un estudio singular de amplio espectro, que pretende ayudar a las marcas a ver cómo son vistas por el consumidor o usuario. Dada la importancia de este estudio, el objetivo de esta investigación es, siguiendo su enfoque, aportar datos para la toma de decisiones de los gestores empresariales teniendo en cuenta el punto de vista de los directivos de marketing y comunicación de las marcas. A fin de cumplir con esta finalidad, se ha realizado una encuesta sobre este colectivo (n = 53) para analizar los factores dispositivos españoles que ponen en marcha proyectos de contenidos de las marcas. Los resultados alcanzados permiten afirmar que los objetivos de las marcas, en relación con su voluntad de emitir contenidos, no coinciden con las necesidades de los consumidores. La disfunción no es total, pero resultaría conveniente una mayor investigación acerca de las necesidades de los clientes.

Modelling the tribological response in dry sliding of boron modified as-cast Ti6Al4V on hardened steel

Tribological characteristics of boron modified as-cast Ti6Al4V alloys are not very well known, but these alloys enjoy improved as-cast mechanical properties and favourable manufacturing economy. Experimental results are reported here for the effects of sliding speed and normal load on the wear rate and the coefficient of friction in dry sliding of these alloys on hardened EN 31 steel. Alloys having 0%, 0.30%, and 0.55% boron by weight were tested. A full factorial experiment assessed the effects of boron content, speed, and load on wear and friction. Interactions between speed and load were found to be statistically significant in influencing the wear rate and the coefficient of friction. Regression models are developed to predict the wear rate and coefficient of friction responses. The developed contour plots can assist designers in choosing operating conditions when selecting these alloys even if the wear mechanisms are unknown. Evidence shows that the wear resistance of Ti6Al4V can be improved by boron addition, and wear regimes are sensitive to boron content.

Wear characteristics of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg against EN-31 and silicon carbide abrasive sheet counter bodies using box Behnken design approach

High strength-to-weight ratio materials are used in the automotive and aerospace industries, and AlSi10Mg is suitable for those applications. The research aims to compare and investigate the wear characteristics of selective laser melted AlSi10Mg pin against two counter bodies, EN-31 hardened steel, and silicon carbide abrasive sheet. The wear rate of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg pin at 0° building orientation was investigated using the box Behnken design approach to identify the suitable wear parameters with the pin on the disc testing facility. Based on analysis of variance, the interaction of load with sliding distance significantly influenced the wear rate of AlSi10Mg in both counter body cases. The adhesion and abrasion wear mechanism were observed in AlSi10Mg with EN-31 and silicon carbide abrasive sheet, respectively. The findings reveal the effect of two counter bodies on the SLMed AlSi10Mg wear phenomenon. Finally, severe wear was observed in the AlSi10Mg pin against the silicon carbide counter body.

Efecto del consumo de energía renovable en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en países con ingresos bajos y altos

Las actividades humanas están aumentando las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en el mundo, por lo que es necesario buscar alternativas para reducirlas. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar el efecto que tiene el uso de energías renovables y el crecimiento económico sobre las emisiones de GEI (de 1990 a 2012) en dos grupos de países, uno con ingreso per cápita bajo y otro con ingreso per cápita alto según la clasificación del Banco Mundial (BM), mediante un análisis de datos panel. Asimismo, se realizó una regresión por mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (MCO) del modelo para México y Alemania. Los resultados del análisis indican que un incremento del 1% en el consumo de energías renovables reducen las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero 0.0294% en el grupo de países con ingresos altos y 0.0171% en el grupo de países con ingresos bajos. Además, cuando aumenta el 1% en el ingreso per cápita, aumentan las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en 3.5935% en los países con ingresos altos y 11.6974% en los países con ingreso bajos. De la misma manera, con el incremento del 1% en el consumo de energía renovable, las emisiones de GEI se reducen en 31 219.9 kt de CO2 en México y 18 160.0 kt de CO2 en Alemania. En conclusión, el consumo de energías renovables contribuye a mejorar la calidad ambiental al reducir el consumo de otras fuentes de energías no renovables.

Multi-Response Optimization of process Parameter in Vertical Milling Machine of EN 31 Using Taguchi Method

The purpose of this experimental research is to compare the effectiveness of using Taguchi approaches for multi-response optimization of process parameters in Vertical Milling Machine of EN 31 Material intending to minimize surface roughness and tool wear rate while maximizing material removal rate to improve the productivity of the process with coated carbide insert. Taguchi L9 and Annova have been applied for experimental design and analysis. This experiment shows that feed and depth of cut are factors that are important for tool wear, Depth of cut is a notable factor for Material Removal Rate and feed is the most notable factor for surface roughness. Spindle speed has little effect on tool wear rate, surface roughness, and material removal rate. Mathematical models for three response parameters i.e. tool wear rate, surface roughness, and material removal rate were obtained by regression analysis

Wear Analysis of an Advanced Al–Al2O3 Composite Infiltrated with a Tin-Based Alloy

In this study, a hybrid material is produced, and the effect of different loads varying from 40 to 60 N against an EN-31 steel counter disk on its wear behavior under dry sliding conditions at room temperature is studied. The tribological behavior is studied via the pin-on-disk method and analyzed using primary wear parameters, such as the coefficient of friction (COF), mass wear, and specific wear rate. The obtained results are compared with the results for B83 babbitt under the same wear test conditions. Microstructural observation with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is performed along with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) for chemical analysis conduction. The results from the wear experiments indicate that the hybrid material possesses a lower COF, mass wear, and specific wear rate as well as a higher wear resistance in comparison to the B83 babbitt specimen when subjected to the same test conditions. The results from the wear experiments indicate that by applying different loads of 40, 50, and 60 N, the hybrid material possesses a lower mass wear, specific wear rate, and COF specifically at a load of 40 N in comparison to the B83 babbitt specimen under the same test conditions. It was also observed that by increasing the load under dry sliding friction, the hybrid material increases its mass wear and specific wear rate.

Tribological investigations into pin-on-disc tribometer under dry sliding conditions at various temperature ranges

In this research work, the interaction of aluminum alloy (6061) and EN-31 steel is examined, and interaction is studied on the basis of tribological outcomes under dry sliding conditions at various ranges of temperature. The extrusion process is actually an intricate process, which depends on environmental temperature, sliding velocity with respect to the mating part, the type of external shape, wear and coefficient of friction. Here, variables which directly or indirectly influence the interactions are designed for this system in such a manner that the results can be co-related with another system that has equivalent working condition as there in hot forming and cold forming (up to 250°C) of material interactions. The current work is done on a pin which slides on a disc of aluminium alloy 6061 and EN-31 steel set-up. Experiments are carried out under different conditions by using the design of experiments (DoE) for each case. In the first case (Case-I), the disc is steel and the aluminum alloy works as a pin. In the second case (Case-II), the disc is aluminum alloy and steel works as a pin. Henceforth, frictional coefficient and difference in the weight or wear (volume loss) before and after experiment is achieved. Finally, experiments are designed with the help of design tool to optimize the results and execute the different parameters by involving the analysis of variance . Lower wear volume loss is observed in a steel disc compared to the aluminium alloy pin at room temperature.

Trastornos respiratorios durante el sueño en pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular isquémico

Introducción: Los trastornos respiratorios durante el sueño (TRDS), sobre todo el síndrome de apneas hipopneas obstructivas (SAHOS) en pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular o ACV, son frecuentes y pueden complicar su evolución. El objetivo fue analizar diversos TRDS en pacientes con ACV. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal y retrospectivo de 19 meses, en pacientes con ACV, mediante polisomnografía nocturna con oximetría (PSG). Resultados: Se incluyó a 53 pacientes, con edad media de 67 ± 12 años, y 62% pertenecían al sexo masculino. Se evaluó los TRDS mediante polisomnografía nocturna con oximetría dentro de los 10 días de instalado el ACV. Se detectó un índice de apneas hipopneas durante el sueño (IAH) de grado leve en 21%, grado moderado en 31% y severo en 34%. La media de tiempo de saturación de oxígeno < a 90% fue de 38 ±51 minutos. La saturación mínima de oxígeno fue marcada en lesiones infratentoriales. Conclusión: Nosotros hemos encontrado en nuestro estudio, un alto porcentaje de SAHOS, que se asoció a pacientes de mayor edad y mayor índice de masa corporal. Se constató descenso marcado de la saturación mínima y mayor tendencia a presentar apneas centrales en lesiones infratentoriales. El diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz podría minimizar el daño neuronal y mejorar el pronóstico.