scholarly journals Near-Electrode Plasma at Electrolyte Discharge on the Frequency Selective Surface

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 3399-3403
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Methods ◽  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Frequency Selective Surface ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
Cathode Plasma ◽  
Titanium Electrode ◽  
Separate Channel ◽  
Region 10 ◽  
A Current

Near-cathode plasma of the discharge in electrolyte and its interaction with electrodes was researched in the work. Electrical parameters of the discharge for two electrolyte compositions were investigated. Temperature and concentration of the near-cathode plasma of this discharge were measured using spectral methods. Appearance of sphere-like formations and pores surface is observed on the surface of the titanium electrodes. Possible explanation of the formation of these superface structures is proposed. The effect of the discharge in the electrolyte on the electrode surface was studied in this work. We consider properties of electrical current near the titanium electrode due to the presence a pores structure on this electrode. We can suppose that the current near the surface of cathode consists from a number of separate current channels with the 0.1-2 μm thick at a current in the region 10-8-10-6 А in the separate channel.

scholarly journals Fluoride removal using electrocoagulation technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 877 (1) ◽  
pp. 012047
Author(s):  
Hind M. Ewadh ◽  
Mustafa J. Al Imari ◽  
Sabrean F. Jawad ◽  
Hayfaa A. Mubarak
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Fluoride Removal ◽  
Acidic Environment ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
A Current

Abstract A modest quantity of fluoride can increase the mineralization of teeth and reduce their cavities. But the presomerence of fluoride in excess in water can lead to severe disease infertility. In the past few decades, scientists have thus been preoccupied with developing ways to reduce sewage fluoride concentrations and reduce their effects on human health. The present study is aimed at using the technology of electrocoagulation to remove fluoride from polluted water. Tests have been done to examine the elimination of fluoride with a rectangular electrocoagulation cell and examine the impact of the experimental aspects on fluoride extraction, specifically electrical current, electrode spacing, and pH. The authors found that 93% of the fluoride has been extracted using 5mm spaced electrodes with a current density of 2 mA/cm2 and a level of pH of 7 from the polluted water after 20 min of processing. Experimental factors considerably impact the efficacy of fluoride removal. In the acidic environment, greater effectiveness of fluoride removal is being attained. The elimination effectiveness depends directly on the electric current, whereas the distance between poles is adversely linked to fluoride elimination.

scholarly journals Nonconservative current-induced forces: A physical interpretation

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 727-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tchavdar N Todorov ◽  
Daniel Dundas ◽  
Anthony T Paxton ◽  
Andrew P Horsfield
Keyword(s):  
Physical Interpretation ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Stimulated Emission ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Noninvasive Test ◽  
Electrical Current Flow ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Current

We give a physical interpretation of the recently demonstrated nonconservative nature of interatomic forces in current-carrying nanostructures. We start from the analytical expression for the curl of these forces, and evaluate it for a point defect in a current-carrying system. We obtain a general definition of the capacity of electrical current flow to exert a nonconservative force, and thus do net work around closed paths, by a formal noninvasive test procedure. Second, we show that the gain in atomic kinetic energy over time, generated by nonconservative current-induced forces, is equivalent to the uncompensated stimulated emission of directional phonons. This connection with electron–phonon interactions quantifies explicitly the intuitive notion that nonconservative forces work by angular momentum transfer.

Current Oscillation during Simultaneous Reduction of Tin(II) ions, Nitrate, and Nitrobenzene at Au Electrode

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Kurohagi ◽  
Yoshiharu Mukouyama ◽  
Shuji Nakanishi ◽  
Shinji Yae
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Marangoni Effect ◽  
Current Oscillation ◽  
Optical Reflectance ◽  
Simultaneous Reduction ◽  
Au Electrode ◽  
Main Current ◽  
A Current

#AiMES2018, Z01 General Student Poster Session.This is a slightly revised version of our presentation at AiMES 2018 in Cancun, Mexico on October 2, 2018 6:00PM (Abstract MA2018-02 2086).We have reported that NO3- is reduced efficiently at an Au electrode in the presence of Sn2+ though Au is not an excellent electrocatalyst for the reduction, and also that a nitrobenzene (NB) droplet put on the electrode moves like amoeba due to a Marangoni effect (J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, H473 (2018)). The motion occurs because Sn2+, NO3-, and NB are simultaneously reduced at the electrode. Recently, we have found that the simultaneous reduction shows a current oscillation. This present study investigates how the simultaneous reduction causes the oscillation. The nitrate reduction, which is the main current-producing reaction, includes an N-NDR characteristic that is essential for the appearance of the oscillation. The N-NDR characteristic is related to the reduction of NB to aniline. The oscillation is accompanied with a change in the optical reflectance at the electrode surface, which is attributed to a change in the amount of Sn(OH)2 precipitate near the electrode.

scholarly journals V. On the "blaze currents" of the frog's eyeball

1901 ◽  
Vol 194 (194-206) ◽  
pp. 183-233 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Electrical Response ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Positive Direction ◽  
Electrical Stimuli ◽  
Counter Current ◽  
A Current

In a recent communication to the Society I have stated that the normal electrical response of the eye to light consists in a current traversing the eye ball in a positive direction, i. e . from fundus to cornea, and that a similar positive response is aroused by meachanical and by electrical stimuli, whatever be the direction of the latter. I have designated this positive response to non-luminous stimuli as the retainal discharge or blaze. With reference to electrical stimulation, its most characteristic from is when it occurs in the same dorection as the current by which it is excited, i. e . when it cannot be polarisation counter-current. It is in such case analogous with the discharge of an electrical organ excited by an electrical current in the direction of normal discharge, and, indeed, it may be of such magnitued as to lead an observer to regard retain in the light of an electrical organ.

scholarly journals Optimization of stunning electrical parameters to improve animal welfare in a poultry slaughterhouse

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariagrazia Girasole ◽  
Claudia Chirollo ◽  
Marina Ceruso ◽  
Lucia Vollano ◽  
Antonio Chianese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
Optimal Setting ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
Average Current ◽  
Effective Water ◽  
The Eu

Animal killing for food production and the related operations are events that may induce pain, stress, fear and other forms of suffering to the animals. To face this problem and guarantee the animal welfare, the EU has adopted the Regulation (EC) N. 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing. Electrical water bath stunning is one of the methods used in commercial slaughterhouses to protect poultry welfare. In particular, this method induces unconsciousness into the birds due to run of electrical current through the head and body. The aim of the present work was to find an optimal setting of electrical parameters to obtain an effective water bath stunning in a commercial poultry slaughterhouse. Moreover, the influence of the tested electrical parameters on meat quality was evaluated. All the experiments confirmed that high stunning frequencies induce a lower occurrence of lesions on carcasses but, on the other hand, require greater current intensities to be effective. A frequency of 750 Hz and an average current intensity of 200 mA for each bird in the water bath resulted as the best combination of electrical parameters to obtain a proper stunning without any consequence on the meat quality.

Electron transport enhanced by electrode surface reconstruction: a case study of C60-based molecular junctions

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (84) ◽  
pp. 44718-44725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Q. Wu ◽  
X. H. Zheng ◽  
X. Q. Shi ◽  
J. Lan ◽  
H. Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Surface Reconstruction ◽  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Molecular Junctions

At the C60–Cu(111) interface, electrode surface reconstruction (Rec) increases electrical current compared to that for the unreconstructed (Unrec) surface.

Electrochemical and XPS Study of the Nickel−Titanium Electrode Surface

1996 ◽  
Vol 68 (19) ◽  
pp. 3330-3337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pifang F. Luo ◽  
Theodore Kuwana ◽  
Dilip K. Paul ◽  
Peter M. A. Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Nickel Titanium ◽  
Titanium Electrode ◽  
Xps Study

Design and implementation of a measurement system for automatically measurement of electrical parameters of thermoelectric generators

2013 ◽  
Vol 1490 ◽  
pp. 191-196
Author(s):  
Dmitry Petrov ◽  
Fabian Assion ◽  
Ulrich Hilleringmann
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Graphical Form ◽  
Thermoelectric Generators ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Maximal Output Power ◽  
Maximal Output ◽  
Load Resistor

ABSTRACTThe continues development of thermoelectric generators causes a permanent improvement of their characteristics. New types of thermoelectric generators can work at temperatures up to 1000 K. With this, special measurement equipment is needed to control the electrical parameters of the new developed specimens. The devices must be tested over the whole range of operating temperatures. For each temperature value a series of electrical measurements has to be performed. To establish the maximal output power of the thermoelectric generators, a load resistor with variable resistance has to be connected to the output of thermoelectric generator. The measurement system should measure the electrical current through the load resistor and the voltage over this resistor to determine the device parameters. A large amount of measurement data have to be collected and processed to evaluate the electrical characteristics of the specimen and to present them in graphical form, suitable for the comparison with others specimens.

scholarly journals Modification of titanium electrode surface and its electric response for detection of biological substances.

Hyomen Kagaku ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-213
Author(s):  
Ichiro NAKABAYASHI ◽  
Tahei TOMIDA ◽  
Katsuhiro KAWASHIRO ◽  
Shiro MORIMOTO ◽  
Satoshi ABE
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Electric Response ◽  
Titanium Electrode ◽  
Modification Of Titanium

Electro-analgesia for sheep husbandry practices: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 801
Author(s):  
P. I. Hynd
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
Electrical Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
Husbandry Practices ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Very High ◽  
A Current

Several sheep-husbandry practices such as mulesing, castration, ear-tagging and tail-docking are currently performed with no, or little, anaesthesia or analgesia. The potential for using electrotherapies to provide analgesia during and after these operations is examined in this review. The most common electrotherapy is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). TENS is the application of an electrical current from electrodes placed on the skin. Analysis of a large number of trials in humans and in animal models indicates that TENS provides effective relief from acute and chronic pain, including pain associated with surgery. There is strong evidence now that TENS analgesia operates at the levels of the periphery, the spinal cord and in the brain. The mechanisms involve the autonomic nervous system, the opioid pathways and neurotransmitters involved in descending inhibitory pathways from the brain. Centrally operating pathways mean the current does not have to be applied near the injured site and there is evidence of sustained pain relief lasting hours, days or even weeks post-treatment, particularly after very high-frequency, randomly variable current applications. Treatment of sheep during painful operations with such a current has the potential to provide immediate and possibly sustained pain relief. Combining such a treatment with electro-immobilisation of the animal would be advantageous for sheep-husbandry operations, but there is considerable evidence that high-intensity currents producing tetanic contractions are aversive and probably painful for sheep. Investigations of the application and efficacy of electrotherapies for painful sheep operations should be undertaken.

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