scholarly journals Effect Type of Solvent for Extraction Binahong Leaves (Anrederacordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) on Saponin Levels by Gravimetric Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S7) ◽  
pp. 298-299
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Plant Constituents ◽  
Medicinal Properties

Secondary metabolites, also known as phytochemicals, natural products or plant constituents are responsible for medicinal properties of plants. The Secondary metabolite compounds contained in binahong leaves were steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols and tannins. The purpose of this research was for determine the content of saponin compounds in binahong leaves extract by gravimetric method with differents type of solvent. Binahong leaves made into simplicia and extracted using 3 types of solvents: 70% ethanol, 95% ethanol and methanol. The extraction was performed in reflux. The extract fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol solvent, respectively. The levels of saponin in fraction n-butanol determined by gravimetric methods. The results showed that the type of solvent had an effect on the levels of isolated saponins. The methanol solvent produced the highest saponins in 54.30%, 95% ethanol in 35.84% and 70% ethanol in 25.91%, respectively.

scholarly journals Isolation of sea cucumbers’s (Holothuria atra) secondary metabolite using column-chromatography technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 869 (1) ◽  
pp. 012010
Author(s):  
S Agustina ◽  
S Bella ◽  
S Karina ◽  
I Irwan ◽  
M Ulfah
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Marine Chemistry ◽  
Holothuria Atra ◽  
Metabolite Content

Abstract Identification of sea cucumbers from Benteng Inong Balee, Aceh Besar and their phytochemistry screening were conducted in December 2020 to January 2021 at Laboratory of Marine Chemistry and Fisheries Biotechnology, Universitas Syiah Kuala. The purpose of this study was to identify the species of sea cucumbers and its secondary metabolite content using phytochemistry screening and column chromatography. The species of sea cucumbers that were identified was Holothuria atra. The extraction method used in sea cucumber extraction was maceration method, while the separation of secondary metabolites used column-chromatography with eluent of n-hexane : ethyl acetate (8:4). The results showed that secondary metabolites obtained from phytochemical tests were flavonoids, saponins and triterpenoids.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Water, Ethyl Acetate and Hexane Fractions from the Mangrove Young Leaves Sonneratia alba

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Verly Dotulong ◽  
Djuhria Wonggo ◽  
Lita A. D. Y. Montolalu
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Sonneratia Alba ◽  
Dpph Method ◽  
Young Leaves

The fractions from young leaves of mangrove Sonneratia alba was studied for its associated secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities. The objective of this study was to determine the secondary metabolite components and antioxidant activity of water, ethyl acetate, and hexane fractions of the young leaves of mangrove S. alba. The fraction was obtained from dry powder of young leaf S.alba using continuous fractionation of crude extracts. The crude extract was attained by 2 extraction methods (soxhlet and maceration) and 2 extraction solvents (methanol and ethanol). Secondary metabolites analyses were qualitatively conducted to detect the presence or absence of phenols, flavonoid, tannin, steroid, triterpenoid and alkaloid. Total phenols were measured using Folin Ciocalteau reagents and gallic acid standard curves whereas antioxidant activity were analyzed using DPPH method (1- 1-diphenil-2-picrihydrasil). Results showed that all fractions contained secondary metabolite components tested. The highest rendement was found in the water fraction fromsoxhletation extract with methanol (6.36±0.29%). The total phenol values were found the highest in the ethylacetatefraction from macerated extract with ethanol (352±9.77 mgGAE/g). Stronger antioxidant activity was also found in ethylacetate  fraction as indicated by the small value of IC50 DPPH namely the ethylacetate fraction with soxhletation extract with ethanol  (3.43±0.25 µg / mL). The results of this study indicate that the semipolar fraction (ethylacetate fraction) has more potential as a source of natural antioxidants.

scholarly journals Metabolit sekunder dari Muntingia calabura dan bioaktivitasnya

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Devi Anggraini Putri ◽  
Sri Fatmawati
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Chemical Constituent ◽  
Good Source ◽  
Pharmacological Aspect ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Muntingia Calabura

<p class="Katakunci"><em>Muntingia calabura</em> (<em>Muntingiaceae</em>) merupakan <em>Jamaican cherry</em> yang dikenal di Indonesia sebagai Kersen atau Talok. Metabolit sekunder sebagai konstituen kimia telah diisolasi dari daun, batang dan akar <em>M. calabura</em>. Flavonoid merupakan konstituen utama penyusun metabolit sekunder dari tanaman ini. Kelompok flavonoid telah dilaporkan memiliki efek farmakologi yang baik. Beberapa literatur melaporkan bioaktivitas <em>M. calabura</em> sebagai antioksidan, antidiabetes, antimikroba, antikanker, anti-inflamasi dan lain-lain. Review ini bertujuan memberikan fakta ilmiah terkait sinergitas metabolit sekunder dan bioaktivitas <em>M. calabura</em> yang diperlukan untuk penelitian kimia bahan alam lebih lanjut.</p><p><strong>The<em> </em></strong><strong>secondary metabolites </strong><strong>of</strong><strong> <em>Muntingia </em></strong><strong><em>c</em></strong><strong><em>alabura</em></strong><strong> and </strong><strong>its </strong><strong>bioactivity</strong><strong>.</strong><strong> </strong><em>Muntingia calabura</em> (<em>Mutingiaceae</em>) was recognized as <em>Jamaican</em> cherry called as <em>K</em><em>ersen</em> or <em>T</em><em>alok</em> in Indonesia. The chemical constituents have been isolated from leave, stem and root of <em>M. calabura</em>. The main chemical constituent of the secondary metabolite is flavonoid. The flavonoid group has been reported as a good source in pharmacological aspect. Most of literatures reported that <em>M. calabura</em> has a good bioactivity as an antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and others. This review aims to provide the scientific evidences related to the synergism of secondary metabolites and the bioactivities of <em>M. calabura </em>for further research on natural products.</p>

scholarly journals Antiplasmodial activity, biosynthetic gene clusters diversity, and secondary metabolite constituent of selected Indonesian Streptomyces

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ema Damayanti ◽  
Puspita Lisdiyanti ◽  
Andini Sundowo ◽  
Shanti Ratnakomala ◽  
Achmad Dinoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Antiplasmodial Activity ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene Clusters ◽  
Genus Streptomyces ◽  
Rdna Sequencing

Abstract. Damayanti E, Lisdiyanti P, Sundowo A, Ratnakomala S, Dinoto A, Widada J, Mustofa. 2021. Antiplasmodial activity, biosynthetic gene clusters diversity, and secondary metabolite constituent of selected Indonesian Streptomyces. Biodiversitas 22: 3478-3487. Actinobacteria of the genus Streptomyces are known as the primary candidate antibiotics, but still limited for antiplasmodial drugs. This study aimed to investigate the antiplasmodial activity, the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) diversity, and the secondary metabolites constituent of selected Indonesian Streptomyces. The bacteria were isolated from various habitats: karst soil (GMR22), mangrove sediments (BSE7F and SHP 22-7), and marine sediment (GMY01). Molecular identification by 16S rDNA sequencing were performed for confirmation and morphological characterization by scanning electron microscope (SEM) were performed for identification. In vitro antiplasmodial assay was performed on human Plasmodium falciparum FCR-3. The BGCs which encode secondary metabolites were analysed using antiSMASH version 5 based on available whole genome sequence (WGS) data. The secondary metabolites were obtained from liquid fermentation followed by extraction using methanol and ethyl acetate. The secondary metabolites constituent was determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The molecular identification showed that GMR22 had similarity to Streptomyces lactacystinicus (98.02%), while BSE7F was similar to Streptomyces althioticus (97.06%), SHP 22-7 was similar to Streptomyces rochei (94.84%), and GMY01 to Streptomyces odonnellii (98.57%). All of isolates had morphological characteristics as the genus Streptomyces bacteria. The highest Plasmodium inhibition (81.84 ± 3.5%) was demonstrated by ethyl acetate extract of marine-derived Streptomyces sp. GMY01 (12.5 µg/mL). Non-ribosomal polyketide synthetase (NRPS), polyketide synthase (PKS) and hybrid of NRPS-PKS were the major BGCs in all Streptomyces. Majority of the Streptomyces produced compounds containing CHON elements with molecular weight approximately 100-400 Da. The active extract of GMY01 bacterium had five major detected compounds, namely kuraramine (C12H18N2O2), laminine (C9H20N2O2) 2-ethylacetanilide (C10H13NO), propoxur (C11H15NO3), and 3-methyl-1,2-diphenylbutan-1-one (C17H18O). This Indonesian marine bacterium is potential for bioassay guided isolation of antiplasmodial compounds in the future studies.

scholarly journals AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN METABOLIT SEKUNDER BAKTERI ENDOFIT AKAR TANAMAN Moringa oleifera L (Kelor)

Alotrop ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeta Kuntari ◽  
Sumpono Sumpono ◽  
Nurhamidah Nurhamidah
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
Murashige Skoog

[ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SECONDARY METABOLITE FROM ENDOFIT BACTERIA OF  Moringa oleifera L (KELOR) ROOTS]  The purpose of this research was aims to isolate and measure the ability of antioxidant activity from secondary metabolites produced by endophytic bacteria that grow in the live tissue root  of Moringa oleifera L. (kelor). Endophytic bacteria were purified and cultured using a solid  Murashige-skoog (MS)  medium for 3 days at room temperature. Secondary metabolites were obtained by centrifugation process at a rate of 3000 rpm for 20 minutes. The bacterial fermentation process  using  Nutrient Broth  (NB) medium for 72 hours with a shaker speed at 170 rpm . The suspension supernatant was extracted with a maceration method using 86% ethyl acetate, followed by vacuum rotary evaporator concentration at 40 ° C. The extract antioxidant activity test  was performed using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 517 nm wavelength and ascorbic acid as standard. The result of DPPH test showed that the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic bacterial from root of M. oleifera L root has IC50 value at  315, 396 ppm.  Based on these results, it can be concluded that the secondary metabolite extract of endophytic bacterial from M. oleifera L root classified as weak antioxidant (IC50> 250 ppm).

scholarly journals Understanding the evolutionary origins of bacterial natural products with immunosuppressant properties

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfa Ng
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene Clusters ◽  
Drug Candidates

Actinobacteria and streptomyces are known to produce a variety of natural products, some of which confer antibiotic or immunosuppressive activities. While it is understandable that microbes develop the ability to synthesize molecules such as antibiotics that attack other competing microbes, but why would a secondary metabolite (natural product) synthesized by a microbe confer immunosuppressive activities? Was the capability to synthesize such a molecule endowed by evolution in the context of enabling microbes to develop resistance to immune cells of the human body? Or did the capability come from the need to colonize human body surfaces or gut to gain a survival niche for the microbe? Given that actinobacteria and streptomyces are soil microbes not usually associated with human body surfaces, could their biosynthetic capability for particular immunosuppressants arise from horizontal gene transfer from bacteria that colonize human body surfaces and subsequently develop the ability to synthesize the pertinent compounds through evolution? An alternate line of thinking on this issue touches on the possibility that microbes could encounter analogs of immuno-active molecules in their natural environment. Such molecules might elicit undesired physiological effects on the microbes, which place a selection pressure on microbes to develop countermeasures to the immuno-active molecules through mutations. Hence, through evolution, microbes could have developed the capability to synthesize secondary metabolites able to bind analogs of immuno-active molecules and help sequester them or quench their bioactivity. Subsequent profiling of such secondary metabolites in drug discovery efforts could have uncovered compounds with immunosuppressant activity which are originally developed for counteracting analogs of immuno-active molecules in the environment. It has to be recognized that analogs of immuno-active compounds remain somewhat dissimilar to immune compounds secreted by human immune cells, but they likely share common motifs for protein-secondary metabolite interactions. Direct evidence of the evolution of natural products with immunosuppressant activities could only be obtained from challenging suitable bacterial species with immuno-active molecules. Long cultivation experiments with multiple generations may result in the evolution of biosynthetic gene clusters for the synthesis of natural products able to sequester or quench immuno-active molecules. But, on the another hand, understanding relative binding affinities between a library of natural products and immuno-active molecules from humans would suggest drug candidates and their biosynthetic gene clusters. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis of cluster genes with their homologs from other species may yield insights into the evolution of genes and their putative function.

scholarly journals Supercritical Fluid Extraction Enhances Discovery of Secondary Metabolites from Myxobacteria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Bader ◽  
Markus Neuber ◽  
Fabian Panter ◽  
Daniel Krug ◽  
Rolf Müller
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Supercritical Fluid Extraction ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Fluid Extraction ◽  
Microbial Natural Products ◽  
The Impact

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is widely used for the isolation of natural products from plants, but its application in efforts to identify structurally and physicochemically often dissimilar microbial natural products is limited to date. In this study we evaluated the impact of SFE on the extractability of myxobacterial secondary metabolites aiming to improve the prospects of discovering novel natural products. We investigated the influence of different co-solvents on the extraction efficiency of secondary metabolites from three myxobacterial strains as well as the antimicrobial activity profiles of the corresponding extracts. For each known secondary metabolite we found extraction conditions using SFE leading to superior yields in the extracts compared to conventional solvent extraction. Compounds with a logP higher than 3 showed best extraction efficiency using 20% EtOAc as a co-solvent, whereas compounds with logP values lower than 3 were better extractable using more polar co-solvents like MeOH. Extracts generated with SFE showed increased antimicrobial activities including the presence of activities not explained by known myxobacterial secondary metabolites, highlighting the advantage of SFE for bioactivity-guided isolation. Moreover, non-targeted metabolomics analysis revealed a group of chlorinated metabolites produced by the well-studied model myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus DK1622 which were not accessible previously due to their low concentration in conventional extracts. The enriched SF extracts were used for isolation and subsequent structure elucidation of chloroxanthic acid A as founding member of a novel secondary metabolite family. Our findings encourage the increased utilization of SFE as part of future microbial natural products screening workflows.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Brassicasterol from N-Hexane Fraction of Pometia pinnata and its Toxicity Test

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 207-215
Author(s):  
Yoan De Nanda Herru Adlis Santoni ◽  
Mai Efdi
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Hexane Fraction ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

Pometia pinnata leaves were extracted and fractionated using n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The four fractions obtained were screened for cytotoxic testing using the Brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method, n-hexane fraction has the highest LC50 419,855 mg/L.The n-hexane fraction was continued for the isolation stage and a secondary metabolite compound was obtained, namely brassicasterol. The structure of this secondary metabolites was determined using spectroscopic methods (UV-Vis, FTIR, and NMR).

scholarly journals Secondary Metaboliti of Gorgonia, Paramuricea clavata

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Albert R. Reo ◽  
Siegfried Berhimpon ◽  
Roike Montolalu
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
High Abundance ◽  
Partition Chromatography ◽  
Ecological Role ◽  
Paramuricea Clavata ◽  
Materials Used

Gorgonians are important organisms living around coral reefs. They have high abundance and very important ecological role. They can be found in shalow to deep sea. Gorgonians belong to octoral taxon rarely studied either their taxonomy or other aspects. Some studies have informed that gorgonians can produce secondary metabolites as anti-bacteria. These belong to terpenoid, alkaloid, and steroid groups. The objective of this study was to obtain secondary metabolites of gorgonian, Paramuricea clavata, through several analytical steps, i.e. extraction, partition, chromatograpgy, and spectroscopy.  Extraction was done through 5 phases of maceration and then continued with partition, chromatography, and spectroscopy. The secondary metabolites detected in ethyl acetate solvent, such as flavonoid, triterpenoid, steroid, and saponin, were the same as those in n-hexane solvent, while not all these compounds were detected in methanol solvent.Steroid was found in all gorgonian samples extracted in all solvent materials used in this study. Triterpenoid was also detected in gorgonian skin and axial extract using ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and methanol. Saponin was detected in all gorgonian extract, except the axial extract using ethyl acetate solvent. Keywords: Secondary metabolite, Gorgonia, anti-bacteria.   Abstrak Gorgonia merupakan organisme penting yang hidup di sekitar terumbu karang. Hewan ini memiliki kelimpahan besar dan peranan ekologis yang sangat ppenting. Organisme ini dapat ditemukan di perairan dangkal sampai laut dalam. Gorgonia termasuk taksa octokoralia yang jarang diteliti baik taksonominya maupun aspek-aspek lain. Beberapa penelitian telah menginformasikan bahwa gorgonia dapat menghasilkan metablit sekunder sebagai anti-baketri. Senyawa-senyawa ini termask golongan terpenoid, alkaloid dan steroid. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan metabolit sekunder gorgonia (Paramuricea clavata) melalui beberapa tahap analisis, yaitu  ekstraksi, partisi, kromatografi, dan spektroskopi.  Ekstraksi dilakukan melalui 5 tahap maserasi dan dilanjutkan dengan partisi, kromatografi, dan spectroskopy. Metabolit sekunder yang terdeteksi pada larutan ethil asetat, seperti flavonoid, triterpenoid, steroid dan saponin adalah sama dengan pada pelarut n-heksan, sedangkan tidak semua senyawa ini terdeteksi pada pelarut metanol. Steroid ditemukan pada semua sampel gorgonia yang diekstrak dalam semua bahan pelarut yang digunakan pada penelitian ini. Triterpenoid terdeteksi pada ekstrak kulit dan aksial  gorgonia yang menggunakan pelarut ethil asetat, n-hexane, dan methanol. Saponin terdeteksi pada semua ekstrak gorgonia, kecuali ekstrak axial yang menggunakan pelarut ethil asetat.

scholarly journals Understanding the evolutionary origins of bacterial natural products with immunosuppressant properties

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfa Ng
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene Clusters ◽  
Drug Candidates

Actinobacteria and streptomyces are known to produce a variety of natural products, some of which confer antibiotic or immunosuppressive activities. While it is understandable that microbes develop the ability to synthesize molecules such as antibiotics that attack other competing microbes, but why would a secondary metabolite (natural product) synthesized by a microbe confer immunosuppressive activities? Was the capability to synthesize such a molecule endowed by evolution in the context of enabling microbes to develop resistance to immune cells of the human body? Or did the capability come from the need to colonize human body surfaces or gut to gain a survival niche for the microbe? Given that actinobacteria and streptomyces are soil microbes not usually associated with human body surfaces, could their biosynthetic capability for particular immunosuppressants arise from horizontal gene transfer from bacteria that colonize human body surfaces and subsequently develop the ability to synthesize the pertinent compounds through evolution? An alternate line of thinking on this issue touches on the possibility that microbes could encounter analogs of immuno-active molecules in their natural environment. Such molecules might elicit undesired physiological effects on the microbes, which place a selection pressure on microbes to develop countermeasures to the immuno-active molecules through mutations. Hence, through evolution, microbes could have developed the capability to synthesize secondary metabolites able to bind analogs of immuno-active molecules and help sequester them or quench their bioactivity. Subsequent profiling of such secondary metabolites in drug discovery efforts could have uncovered compounds with immunosuppressant activity which are originally developed for counteracting analogs of immuno-active molecules in the environment. It has to be recognized that analogs of immuno-active compounds remain somewhat dissimilar to immune compounds secreted by human immune cells, but they likely share common motifs for protein-secondary metabolite interactions. Direct evidence of the evolution of natural products with immunosuppressant activities could only be obtained from challenging suitable bacterial species with immuno-active molecules. Long cultivation experiments with multiple generations may result in the evolution of biosynthetic gene clusters for the synthesis of natural products able to sequester or quench immuno-active molecules. But, on the another hand, understanding relative binding affinities between a library of natural products and immuno-active molecules from humans would suggest drug candidates and their biosynthetic gene clusters. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis of cluster genes with their homologs from other species may yield insights into the evolution of genes and their putative function.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document