Gas Chromatographic analysis of potentially bioactive compounds in leaf and root extracts of Muntingia calabura and their expected antibacterial activities

The study aimed to identify bioactive compounds in <i>Muntingia calabura</i> leaf and root methanolic extracts. The Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) technique were used to identify bioactive compounds. GC-MS analysis revealed 38 compounds in the leaf and 15 compounds in the root methanolic extracts of <i>M. calabura</i>. The prime potent compound found in leaf extract is 2-{3-[(E)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethenyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl}phenol with 5.78% peak area and cholest-4-en-6-on-3-ol is found in root extracts, has the highest 63.7% peak area and another potent compound Lupeol has 7.3% peak area. The bioactive compounds identified in <i>M. calabura</i> have antibacterial activity against various bacterial strains such as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which showed the efficacy of <i>in vivo</i> plant extracts. These findings validate the therapeutic potentiality of <i>M. calabura</i> leaf and root samples. Furthermore, these screened potential bioactive compounds can be used effectively for biomedical and therapeutic applications.

In Vitro Anti-Diabetic Activities and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS Profile of Muntingia calabura Leaves Extract

Anti-diabetic compounds from natural sources are now being preferred to prevent or treat diabetes due to adverse effects of synthetic drugs. The decoction of Muntingia calabura leaves was traditionally consumed for diabetes treatment. However, there has not been any published data currently available on the processing effects on this plant’s biological activity and phytochemical profile. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of three drying methods (freeze-drying (FD), air-drying (AD), and oven-drying (OD)) and ethanol:water ratios (0, 50, and 100%) on in vitro anti-diabetic activities of M. calabura leaves. In addition, an ultrahigh-performance-liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was used to characterize the metabolites in the active extract. The FD M. calabura leaves, extracted with 50% ethanol, is the most active extract that exhibits a high α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 0.46 ± 0.05 and 26.39 ± 3.93 µg/mL, respectively. Sixty-one compounds were tentatively identified by using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS from the most active extract. Quantitative analysis, by using UHPLC, revealed that geniposide, daidzein, quercitrin, 6-hydroxyflavanone, kaempferol, and formononetin were predominant compounds identified from the active extract. The results have laid down preliminary steps toward developing M. calabura leaves extract as a potential source of bioactive compounds for diabetic treatment.

In-vitro Antioxidant and Antihyperglycemic effect of Muntingia calabura L. fruit extracts

This study investigated the in-vitro antioxidant activity and antidiabetic effect of Muntingia calabura fruit extract by in-vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Muntingia calabura fruit was extracted with aqueous methanol by soxhlet extraction. The total phenols and total flavonoids contents were estimated and evaluated for antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS) and in-vitro antidiabetic activity by measuring their inhibitory activity on α-amylase and α-glucosidase levels. The findings showed that the fruit extract had high content of total phenol and exhibited moderate free radical scavenging activity. The fruit extract showed inhibitory effect on α-amylase [IC50Value =61.43 μg/mL] and α-glucosidase [IC50 Value=140.33 μg/mL] compared to standard acarbose. The fruit extract can be used as a potential source for the development of new hypoglycemic agents may be due to the presence of high phenol content.

Karakteristik dan Evaluasi Granul Ekstrak Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) dengan Metode Granulasi Basah

Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) is a medicinal plant that has the effect of being a source of natural antioxidants that can counteract free radicals in the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of Kersen leaf extract granules (Muntingia calabura L.) which can meet the physical requirements of good granules. The method of making granules is by using the wet granulation method. The evaluation of the granules carried out includes tests of moisture content, flow rate, angle of repose, and compressibility. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively by referring to the literature on the Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy Editions II and III as well as Pharmaceutical Technology Textbooks. The granule characteristics of all formulas meet the requirements of a good granule evaluation test. The characteristics of the granules that are close to perfect are in formula II with 20% Avicel pH 101 and 10% Amprotab. The results of the evaluation of the granules obtained were 1.00% water content test, 19.08 gr/second flow rate test, 26.92˚ angle of repose test, 9.80% compressibility test.Keywords: Kersen Leaf Extract, Granules, Characteristics. AbstrakKersen (Muntingia calabura L.) adalah tanaman obat yang mempunyai efek sebagai sumber antioksidan alami yang dapat menangkal radikal bebas dalam tubuh. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui karakteristik granul ekstrak daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) yang dapat memenuhi persyaratan fisik granul yang baik. Metode pembuatan granul yaitu dengan menggunakan metode granulasi basah. Evalusi granul yang dilakukan yaitu meliputi uji kadar air, laju aliran, sudut diam, dan kompresibilitas. Analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan mengacu pada literatur buku Teori dan Praktek Farmasi Industri Edisi II dan III serta buku Pelajaran Teknologi Farmasi. Karakteristik granul semua formula memenuhi syarat dalam uji evaluasi granul yang baik. Karakteristik granul yang mendekati sempurna yaitu pada formula II dengan kadar avicel ph 101 20% dan amprotab 10%. Hasil evaluasi granul yang didapat yaitu uji kadar air 1,00%, uji laju alir 19,08 gr/detik, uji sudut diam 26,92˚, uji kompresibilitas 9,80%. Kata kunci: Ekstrak Daun Kersen, Granul, Karakteristik.

OPTIMASI KONSENTRASI NA-CMC SEBAGAI VISCOSITY MODIFIER TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK PASTA GIGI EKSTRAK DAUN KERSEN (Muntingia calabura L.)

Daun kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) mempunyai sifat antibakteri dengan cara menghambat aktivitas glukosiltransferase pada bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Pengembangan daun kersen menjadi sediaan pasta gigi dianggap perlu sehingga penggunaannya lebih efesien dan maksimal. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan agar dapat memformulasikan ekstrak kental daun kersen sebagai sediaan pasta gigi yang memiliki sifat fisik yang baik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian eksperimental. Ekstraksi daun kersen dilakukan dengan teknik maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96% lalu dilakukan destilasi vakum sehingga menghasilkan ekstrak yang kental dari daun kersen. Kemudian ekstrak diformulasikan dalam sediaan pasta gigi sebesar 33% yaitu formula I, II dan III dengan variasi viscosity modifier Na CMC 3,0%, 3,5% dan 4,0%. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji sifat fisik selama penyimpanan selama empat minggu meliputi viskositas, pH, homogenitas, tinggi busa, bau, warna dan rasa. Berdasarkan hasil ekstrak yang didapat, diperoleh rendemen sebesar 7,36%. Hasil viskositas formula I berkisar 95055-116762 cp, formula II berkisar 121894-129891 cp dan formula III 128771-137552 cp. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut viskositas formula mengalami peningkatan selama penyimpanan. Pengukuran tinggi busa formula I berkisar 17-20 mm, formula II berkisar 17-18 mm dan formula III berkisar 17-19 mm. Didapatkan tinggi busa formula mengalami penurunan selama penyimpanan. Ditinjau dari uji viskositas, pH, homogenitas, tinggi busa, bau, warna dan rasa ketiga formula menunjukkan hasil memenuhi syarat selama penyimpanan. Dari penelitian ini dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa ekstrak daun kersen yang diformulasikan sebagai sediaan pasta gigi yang paling baik sifat fisiknya yaitu formula II dengan viscosity modifier Na CMC sebesar 3,5%.