PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF STAR FRUIT AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA L.

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-34
Author(s):  
B. Sravanthi ◽  
N. Lakshmi Bhavani
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Intermittent Fever ◽  
Averrhoa Carambola ◽  
Star Fruit ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Phytochemical Investigation ◽  
Successive Extraction ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Qualitative Assay

The paper deals with a phytochemical investigation on the fruit of Averrhoa carambola L. belonging to the family Oxalidaceae. Commonly known as “star fruit”. Fruits and leaves are used widely in Ayurveda preparations to pacify impaired Kapha, pitta, skin diseases, pruritis, worm infestations, diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhoids, intermittent fever, over-perspiration, and general debility. In the present study fruits of Averrhoa carambola L. were screened for their phytochemical constituents following hot continuous and successive extraction by Soxhlet apparatus. A qualitative assay was done using a range of solvents. The extraction process was carried using different solvents successively in the order of increasing polarity. Qualitative analysis of the extracts using standard procedures revealed the presence of alkaloids, avonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, steroids&terpenoids, phenols, coumarins, and phytosterols. Preliminary screening of phytochemicals is a valuable step, in the detection of the bioactive principles present in medicinal plants and subsequently, may lead to drug discovery and development.

Learning to Control the Program Evolution Process with Cultural Algorithms

1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Zannoni ◽  
Robert G. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Programming ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Cultural Algorithms ◽  
Genetic Operators ◽  
Regression Problem ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Programming Process ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Effective Use

Traditional software engineering dictates the use of modular and structured programming and top-down stepwise refinement techniques that reduce the amount of variability arising in the development process by establishing standard procedures to be followed while writing software. This focusing leads to reduced variability in the resulting products, due to the use of standardized constructs. Genetic programming (GP) performs heuristic search in the space of programs. Programs produced through the GP paradigm emerge as the result of simulated evolution and are built through a bottom-up process, incrementally augmenting their functionality until a satisfactory level of performance is reached. Can we automatically extract knowledge from the GP programming process that can be useful to focus the search and reduce product variability, thus leading to a more effective use of the available resources? An answer to this question is investigated with the aid of cultural algorithms. A new system, cultural algorithms with genetic programming (CAGP), is presented. The system has two levels. The first is the pool of genetic programs (population level), and the second is a knowledge repository (belief set) that is built during the GP run and is used to guide the search process. The microevolution within the population brings about potentially meaningful characteristics of the programs for the achievement of the given task, such as properties exhibited by the best performers in the population. CAGP extracts these features and represents them as the set of the current beliefs. Beliefs correspond to constraints that all the genetic operators and programs must follow. Interaction between the two levels occurs in one direction through the extraction process and, in the other, through the modulation of an individual's program parameters according to which, and how many, of the constraints it follows. CAGP is applied to solve an instance of the symbolic regression problem, in which a function of one variable needs to be discovered. The results of the experiments show an overall improvement on the average performance of CAGP over GP alone and a significant reduction of the complexity of the produced solution. Moreover, the execution time required by CAGP is comparable with the time required by GP alone.

scholarly journals In vitro antimicrobial, anti-oxidant properties and GC-MS analysis of the crude methanolic extract and fractions of Solanum dasyphyllum Schumach and Thonn. leaves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oladapo Elijah Oyinloye ◽  
Olumuyiwa. S. Alabi ◽  
Olusegun. G. Ademowo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Kinetics Study ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Time Kill

Abstract Background: Solanum dasyphyllum is a plant with several ethno-medicinal uses as food and medicine in treatment of fever, skin diseases, inflammation, stomach ache and some systemic infections. To date there is little scientific validation of the folkloric claims of S. dasyphyllum compared to other species of the Solanaceae family. This study determined the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of methanol extract and fractions of the leaves of S. dasyphyllum and analysed the phyto-constituents using GC-MS technique.Methods: The dried leaves of S. dasyphyllum were extracted by Soxhlet apparatus with 80% methanol and the crude extract subjected to Phytochemical screening and liquid-liquid fractionation. Crude extract and fractions were subjected to antimicrobial screening, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) determination and time-kill kinetics study. Crude extract was assayed for antioxidant activity and analysed by GC-MS.Results: Percentage yield of S. dasyphyllum was 12.5% and tested positive for flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, cyanogenic glycosides, tannins and reducing sugars. The crude extract and fractions were active on all the isolates at concentrations >0.5 mg/mL. MICs of the crude extract and fractions ranged between 0.25 and >4 mg/mL, MBC ranged between 1 and >4 mg/mL and MFC ranged between 0.5 and >4 mg/mL. The MBC/MIC ratio was >4 for dichloromethane fractions against S. aureus (ratio 8) and MFC/MIC ratio ethylacetate fraction against the fungi isolates (ratio 8). The time-kill kinetics study showed dichloromethane and ethylacetate fractions to be bactericidal with zero viable count at 4 - 6hours against the isolates. The crude extract displayed moderate antioxidant with weak DPPH radical scavenging activity. The GC-MS analysis showed 29 metabolites including the phenols and polyphenols derivatives, eucalyptol, levomenthol, benzofuranone derivative, diethyl phthalate, neophytadiene, 1-Docosene, 17-Pentatriacontene, Phytol, Thunbergol and esters of decanoic acid derivatives all of which are known to have anti-infective and anti-oxidant properties.Conclusion: This study therefore confirmed the ethno-medicinal claim of S. dasyphyllum and thus elucidates the potentials of the plant as a good source of bioactive compounds including those with strong anti-infective and antioxidant properties.

Flavonoids isolated from the fresh sweet fruit of Averrhoa carambola , commonly known as star fruit

2018 ◽  
Vol 153 ◽  
pp. 156-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuchao Jia ◽  
Haihui Xie ◽  
Yueming Jiang ◽  
Xiaoyi Wei
Keyword(s):  
Averrhoa Carambola ◽  
Star Fruit

scholarly journals ELASTASE ACTIVITY INHIBITION BY THE MOST ACTIVE FRACTION OF STAR FRUIT (AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA L.) LEAVES FROM THREE WEST JAVA REGIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
SITI MARDHIYAH ◽  
BERNA ELYA ◽  
ARIKADIA NOVIANI
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Skin Aging ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Active Fraction ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
West Java ◽  
Averrhoa Carambola ◽  
Star Fruit

Objective: Premature skin aging is caused by increased elastase proteolytic activity, which causes elastin breakdown and disorganization in connectivetissue, reducing elasticity and flexibility, and wrinkling skin. Natural compounds in plants, especially polyphenols, inhibit elastase proteolyticactivity and prevent premature skin aging. Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) leaves contain many polyphenols with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,hypoglycemic, and antimicrobial activities. However, no studies have shown that A. carambola leaves inhibit elastase proteolytic activity.Methods: This study tested the inhibition of elastase proteolytic activity by the water fractions (WF), ethyl acetate fractions, and n-hexane fractionsof A. carambola leaves from the Depok, Sukabumi, and Subang regions of West Java. Each fraction was tested using a microplate reader, and the totalphenolic and flavonoid content was determined for the most active fraction.Results: The WF of the A. carambola leaves from Depok was the most active fraction, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 160.36 μg/mL.The total phenolic and flavonoid content in the WF was 115.68 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 9.15 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract,respectively.Conclusion: The WF of A. carambola leaves is a natural material that may inhibit elastase proteolytic activity and prevents premature skin aging.

scholarly journals Antidotal activity of Averrhoa carambola (Star fruit) on fluoride induced toxicity in rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupal A. Vasant ◽  
A. V. R. L. Narasimhacharya
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Averrhoa Carambola ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Star Fruit ◽  
Fruit Powder ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antidotal Activity

ABSTRACT Consumption of fluoride leads to several physiological disturbances in carbohydrate, lipid and antioxidant metabolisms. Averrhoa carambola L. fruit (Star fruit) is a commonly consumed fruit in tropical countries and is an ingredient in folklore medicines. As the fruits have high polyphenolic and antioxidant contents, the present study was undertaken to investigate the potential of star fruit as a dietary supplement in attenuating the fluoride induced hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress in laboratory rats. A four-week exposure to fluoride caused sustained hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress and, when the diet was supplemented with star fruit powder, carbohydrate, lipid and antioxidant profiles were restored significantly. It is surmised that the antihyperglycemic, antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidant activities of star fruit in fluoride exposed rats could be due to the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, phytosterols, ascorbic acid and fibers in the fruit, which are all well known regulators of carbohydrate, lipid and antioxidant metabolisms. These findings suggest that star fruit can be used as a dietary supplement in fluoride endemic regions to contain fluoride induced hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress

STAR FRUIT (AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA) INTOXICATION: AN IMPORTANT CAUSE OF CONSCIOUSNESS DISTURBANCE IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL FAILURE

Renal Failure ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin-Tung Chang ◽  
Yung-Chang Chen ◽  
Ji-Tseng Fang ◽  
Chiu-Ching Huang
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Averrhoa Carambola ◽  
Star Fruit ◽  
Consciousness Disturbance

scholarly journals Phytochemical Investigation of Aerial Parts of Iraqi Cardaria draba

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Alaa M. Abd ◽  
Enas J. Kadhim
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Phenolic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Aqueous Methanol ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Phytochemical Investigation ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Layer Chromatography

 The aim of this study was to study chemical constituents of aerial parts of Cardaria draba since no phytochemical investigation had been studied before in Iraq. Aerial parts of Cardaria draba were defatted by maceration in hexane for 72 h. The defatted plant materials were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus, the aqueous Methanol 90% as a solvent extraction for 18 h, and fractionated with petroleum ether- chloroform (CHCl3)- ethylacetate- and n-butanol respectivly. The ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and n-butanol after hydrolysis fractions were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for its phenolic acid and flavonoid contents. Flavonoids and phenolic acid derivative were isolated from the ethylacetate of leaf fraction and n-butanol after hydrolysis fraction of the aerial parts and identified by TLC, FTIR and HPLC. A various chromatographic and spectroscopic results shown the presence of luteolin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and resorcinol in aerial parts of C. draba.                                                                                                                              

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