scholarly journals MULTIPLE CROSS-BORROWING TRENDS AMONG MICROFINANCE BENEFICIERIES: AN ANALYSIS OF PERSONAL AND ENTREPRENEURIAL FACTORS

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
Athira A T ◽  
Ebby Joseph Idicula
Keyword(s):  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Income Shocks ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Multiple Cross ◽  
Rural Clients ◽  
Microfinance Institution ◽  
Entrepreneurial Factors

Cross borrowing is the ability of a beneficiary to borrow from different lenders simultaneously or borrows from one lender to make repayment to another debt.The commercialisation of the microfinance sector leads to an increased competition for attaining clients and strict objective to seek profitability, that results in more than one Microfinance Institution (MFI) operating in an area. The rapid growth among microfinance sector offers its beneficiaries a scope to borrow from multiple sources, with easy formalities, within short period of time.While various studies acknowledged that the multiple memberships of credit sources among rural clients makes repayment difficulties and collaboration of total economic sustainability of clients. This paper tries to analyse and enlist some personal, entrepreneurial and microfinance provider related factors which leads them to simultaneous multiple accessing of credit from various sources. The paper concludes that the adverse income shocks in general economic conditions of the client, improper investment of fund, low return from the investment, new commercialised lending pattern of MFIs are the major reasons of simultaneous multiple borrowing trend among microfinance clients.

Obstacles to Claiming Permanence and Injury-Relatedness for “Posttraumatic” Headache

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Robert J. Barth
Keyword(s):  
Complete Recovery ◽  
World Health ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Posttraumatic Headache ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Causative Relationship ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The One ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Subjective Reports

Abstract “Posttraumatic” headaches claims are controversial because they are subjective reports often provided in the complex of litigation, and the underlying pathogenesis is not defined. This article reviews principles and scientific considerations in the AMAGuides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) that should be noted by evaluators who examine such cases. Some examples in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, may seem to imply that mild head trauma can cause permanent impairment due to headache. The author examines scientific findings that present obstacles to claiming that concussion or mild traumatic brain injury is a cause of permanent headache. The World Health Organization, for example, found a favorable prognosis for posttraumatic headache, and complete recovery over a short period of time was the norm. Other studies have highlighted the lack of a dose-response correlation between trauma and prolonged headache complaints, both in terms of the frequency and the severity of trauma. On the one hand, scientific studies have failed to support the hypothesis of a causative relationship between trauma and permanent or prolonged headaches; on the other hand, non–trauma-related factors are strongly associated with complaints of prolonged headache.

scholarly journals Does Loneliness Have a Cost? A Population-Wide Study of the Association Between Loneliness and Healthcare Expenditure

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachelle Meisters ◽  
Daan Westra ◽  
Polina Putrik ◽  
Hans Bosma ◽  
Dirk Ruwaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mental Healthcare ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Unhealthy Behavior ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Binomial Models

Objectives: Loneliness has been associated with unhealthy behavior, poorer health, and increased morbidity. However, the costs of loneliness are poorly understood.Methods: Multiple sources were combined into a dataset containing a nationally representative sample (n = 341,376) of Dutch adults (18+). The association between loneliness and total, general practitioner (GP), specialized, pharmaceutical, and mental healthcare expenditure was tested using Poisson and Zero-inflated negative binomial models, controlling for numerous potential confounders (i.e., demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle-related factors, self-perceived health, and psychological distress), for four age groups.Results: Controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle-related factors, loneliness was indirectly (via poorer health) associated with higher expenditure in all categories. In fully adjusted models, it showed a direct association with higher expenditure for GP and mental healthcare (0.5 and 11.1%, respectively). The association with mental healthcare expenditure was stronger in younger than in older adults (for ages 19–40, the contribution of loneliness represented 61.8% of the overall association).Conclusion: Loneliness contributes to health expenditure both directly and indirectly, particularly in younger age groups. This implies a strong financial imperative to address this issue.

scholarly journals Factors and Strategies for Post-Vertebroplasty Residual Pain from Thoracolumbar Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures (OVCF): a systematic review.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binbin Tang ◽  
Kang Liu ◽  
Lianguo Wu ◽  
Xiaolin Shi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Bone Cement ◽  
Vertebral Compression Fractures ◽  
Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Residual Pain ◽  
Compression Fractures ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Cement Distribution ◽  
High Level

Abstract Purpose Insignificant pain relief (IPR) in short period after vertebroplasty is common, which often disturb doctors and affect patients Therefore, we reviewed systematically relative articles and attempted to get meaningful evidence on factors and strategies for IPR.Methods PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP were searched for literatures treating the osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) with vertebroplasty and assessing the clinical efficacy.Results 817 references were electronically retrieved, 81 full-text papers were screened and 41 studies were included. Twenty-two trials presented factors on IPR, mainly including bone cement related, operation related and patient-related factors. Nineteen studies showed strategies on residual pain, including improving osteoporosis, reforming surgical operation and add other therapies. 16 prospective, 20 retrospective and 5 meta-analyses consisted the systematic review. The date from included studies point to different results, with less risk of bias, were needed to clarify the factors and strategies for residual pain.Conclusions Bone cement distribution and operation error are highly related to the post-vertebroplasty residual pain. Many therapeutic methods could improve pain and rehabilitate function but lacking more high-level evidence due to the insufficient trails.

Key Determinants of Successful Implementation of IT in International Commercial Bank

2011 ◽  
pp. 130-154
Author(s):  
Tarek Hatem ◽  
Elham Metwally
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
It Implementation ◽  
Cultural Pattern

This research reports the results of a single case study that covers a successful project of IT implementation in International Commercial Bank (ICB) from the Egyptian banking industry. The case highlights leadership actions, as well as other related factors regarding effectiveness of IT implementation that are linked to strategic competitiveness and value creation. Multiple sources of data were used. Primary sources include in-depth interviews in semi-structured format with industry authorities, IT and retail banking managers, and the bank’s executives in general; whereas, secondary sources of data include annual reports, website information, and financial statements. Findings show that successful implementation was influenced by the interplay of several management practices, which eventually, had an impact on strategic competitiveness through their impact on some in-house attributes; notably, a dominating constructive cultural pattern leading to higher levels of organizational commitment, and the bank’s value chain.

scholarly journals Measuring N2O Emissions from Multiple Sources Using a Backward Lagrangian Stochastic Model

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1277
Author(s):  
Cheng-Hsien Lin ◽  
Richard H. Grant ◽  
Cliff T. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Emissions Modeling ◽  
Short Period

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soil are substantially influenced by nitrogen (N) and field management practices. While routinely soil chambers have been used to measure emissions from small plots, measuring field-scale emissions with micrometeorological methods has been limited. This study implemented a backward Lagrangian stochastic (bLS) technique to simultaneously and near-continuously measure N2O emissions from four adjacent fields of approximately 1 ha each. A scanning open-path Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (OP-FTIR), edge-of-field gas sampling and measurement, locally measured turbulence, and bLS emissions modeling were integrated to measure N2O emissions from four adjacent fields of maize production using different management in 2015. The maize N management treatments consisted of 220 kg NH3-N ha−1 applied either as one application in the fall after harvest or spring before planting or split between fall after harvest and spring before planting. The field preparation treatments evaluated were no-till (NT) and chisel plow (ChP). This study showed that the OP-FTIR plus bLS method had a minimum detection limit (MDL) of ±1.2 µg m−2 s−1 (3σ) for multi-source flux measurements. The average N2O emission of the four treatments ranged from 0.1 to 2.3 µg m−2 s−1 over the study period of 01 May to 11 June after the spring fertilizer application. The management of the full-N rate applied in the fall led to higher N2O emissions than the split-N rates applied in the fall and spring. Based on the same N application, the ChP practice tended to increase N2O emissions compared with NT. Advection of N2O from adjacent fields influenced the estimated emissions; uncertainty (1σ) in emissions was 0.5 ± 0.3 µg m−2 s−1 if the field of interest received a clean measured upwind background air, but increased to 1.1 ± 0.5 µg m−2 s−1 if all upwind sources were advecting N2O over the field of interest. Moreover, higher short-period emission rates (e.g., half-hour) were observed in this study by a factor of 1.5~7 than other micrometeorological studies measuring N2O-N loss from the N-fertilized cereal cropping system. This increment was attributed to the increase in N fertilizer input and soil temperature during the measurement. We concluded that this method could make near-continuous “simultaneous” flux comparisons between treatments, but further studies are needed to address the discrepancies in the presented values with other comparable N2O flux studies.

Local Economic Conditions and Fertility from the Great Depression through the Great Recession

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 236-240
Author(s):  
Jessamyn Schaller ◽  
Price Fishback ◽  
Kelli Marquardt
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Data Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Income Shocks ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Per Capita

This paper reexamines the association between local economic conditions and fertility using a new dataset of county-level birthrates and per capita income in the United States spanning the period 1937-2016. Using a panel data model, we estimate that growth in local income is positively associated with birthrates over our entire sample period and that the strength of that association peaked during the 1960-1990 period and has declined in recent decades. We additionally estimate dynamic responses to local income shocks, finding that birthrates remain elevated for up to four years after a shock.

Food Stamps, Income Shocks, and Crime: Evidence from California

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Lovett
Keyword(s):  
Event Study ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Food Stamps ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Income Shocks ◽  
Assistance Programs ◽  
Labor Earnings

Abstract An extensive literature shows that reduced labor earnings lead to an increase in criminality, while another literature suggests that diminished economic conditions via changes in public assistance programs may alter criminal behavior. This study considers electronic benefit transfer (EBT) reforms that may have altered households’ real income, black market activity, and criminality. A natural experiment that relies on plausibly exogenous variation in the timing of EBT reforms across California counties is exploited within an event study design to identify the effect of EBT adoption on arrests. A significant, though transitory, increase in criminal arrests is revealed. Following conversion to EBT delivery, the average county experiences an additional 108 arrests per month, or equivalently an increase of 5 . This increase in arrests lasts up to 6 months before fading out. The increase is most pronounced for crimes motivated by income shortfalls, such as burglary, larceny, prostitution, and robbery. In the average county, income-motivated criminal arrests rise by about 25 arrests, or 10 . Estimates are practically and statistically significant, as well as robust to changes in controls and specification. Findings suggest that income shocks can substantially change criminal behavior and that declining economic conditions can alter criminal behavior through channels other than labor earnings.

scholarly journals Exploring internal business factors and their impact on firm performance: small business perspective in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abriham Ebabu Engidaw
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Small Business ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Entrepreneurial Factors

AbstractMainly, the study is aimed at exploring the internal business factors and their impact on firm performance in micro- and small-scale enterprises. The study employed a descriptive and explanatory research design and used a quantitative research approach. The study is conducted on Amhara region, North Wollo zone, Lalibela city administration micro- and small-scale enterprise operators, and in this study, the dependent variable is the performance of SMEs while independent variables are managerial factors, workplace factors, and entrepreneurial factors. To achieve the objectives of the study, 199 sample micro and small enterprises are selected from the 395 target populations. It used an explanatory design with stratified and simple random sampling techniques. The study employed descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis methods. The finding shows that the independent variables managerial factors and workplace-related factors have a positive and significant effect on small business performance in the study area. Also, there is an insignificant relationship between entrepreneurial factors and the dependent variable.

scholarly journals The Great Recession and Children’s Mental Health in Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melisa Bubonya ◽  
Deborah Cobb-Clark ◽  
Daniel Christensen ◽  
Sarah Johnson ◽  
Stephen Zubrick
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Great Recession

This paper analyzes the effects of “shocks” to community-level unemployment expectations, induced by the onset of the Great Recession, on children’s mental well-being. The Australian experience of the Great Recession represents a unique case study as despite little change in actual unemployment rates, levels of economic uncertainty grew. This affords us the ability to examine the effects of shocks to economic expectations independent of any actual changes to economic conditions. We draw on and link data from multiple sources, including several waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (2004–2010), a consumer sentiment survey, and data on local economic conditions. Using our purpose-built data set, we estimate difference-in-differences models to identify plausibly causal effects. We find, for boys, there is no detectable effect of community-level unemployment expectations shocks on mental health. For girls, however, there are modest increases in mental health problems and externalizing behaviors, as measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). We additionally find no discernible change in mother’s psychological distress as a result of expectations shocks. These results are stable after controlling for actual labor market conditions.

Family Disruption and Parenting During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110428
Author(s):  
Kammi K. Schmeer ◽  
Britt Singletary ◽  
Kelly M. Purtell ◽  
Laura M. Justice
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Racially Diverse ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Income Status ◽  
At Home

Using unique data from an economically and racially diverse sample of 448 caregivers with young children (ages 4–9 years) in Ohio, we assess multiple sources of family social and economic disruptions and their associations with parenting activities during the COVID-19 stay-at-home order. Caregivers reported extensive social and economic challenges during this time, while also increasing (on average) their time spent in play/learning activities. Time spent in discipline was less likely to increase during this period. We found significant associations among disadvantaged social conditions/experiences and parenting, and that some effects were moderated by 2019 household income status. Unexpectedly, changes in economic conditions, particularly caregiver job loss, were associated with higher odds of increases in reading/telling stories time across household income groups. Overall, findings indicate that social conditions associated with the stay-at-home period of COVID-19 might have been more disruptive to parenting for caregivers with young children than the short-term economic changes.

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