scholarly journals Secondary Network Throughput Analysis Applying SFR in OFDMA-CR Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joydev Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Power Level ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Frequency Reuse ◽  
Network Throughput ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Frame Structure ◽  
Control Factor ◽  
Wireless Data ◽  
Femtocell Networks ◽  
Secondary Network

<div>In OFDMA femtocell networks, the licensed spectrum of the macro users (MUs) are available to the femto users (FUs), on the condition that they do not spark off notable interference to the MUs. We contemplate wireless data for femto user (FU) / secondary user (SU) in cognitive radio (CR) networks where the frame structure split up into sensing and data transmission slots. Moreover, we consider soft frequency reuse (SFR) technique to improve secondary network throughput by increasing the macrocell edge user power control factor. SFR applies a frequency reuse factor (FRF) of 1 to the terminal located at the cell centre for that all base stations (BSs) share the total spectrum. But for the transmission on each sub-carrier the BSs are confined to a certain power level. However, more than 1 FRF uses for the terminals near to the macrocell edge area. In this context, we conceptualize the cognitive femtocell in the uplink in which the femtocell access point (FAP) initially perceive by sensing to find out the availability of MU after that FAP revamps its action correspondingly. Appropriately, when the MU is sensed to be non-existent, the FU transmits at maximum power. In other respect, the FAP make the best use of the transmit power of the FU to optimize the secondary network throughput concern to outage limitation of the MU. Finally, effectiveness of the scheme is verified by the extensive matlab simulation.</div>

scholarly journals Secondary Network Throughput Analysis Applying SFR in OFDMA-CR Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joydev Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Power Level ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Frequency Reuse ◽  
Network Throughput ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Frame Structure ◽  
Control Factor ◽  
Wireless Data ◽  
Femtocell Networks ◽  
Secondary Network

<div>In OFDMA femtocell networks, the licensed spectrum of the macro users (MUs) are available to the femto users (FUs), on the condition that they do not spark off notable interference to the MUs. We contemplate wireless data for femto user (FU) / secondary user (SU) in cognitive radio (CR) networks where the frame structure split up into sensing and data transmission slots. Moreover, we consider soft frequency reuse (SFR) technique to improve secondary network throughput by increasing the macrocell edge user power control factor. SFR applies a frequency reuse factor (FRF) of 1 to the terminal located at the cell centre for that all base stations (BSs) share the total spectrum. But for the transmission on each sub-carrier the BSs are confined to a certain power level. However, more than 1 FRF uses for the terminals near to the macrocell edge area. In this context, we conceptualize the cognitive femtocell in the uplink in which the femtocell access point (FAP) initially perceive by sensing to find out the availability of MU after that FAP revamps its action correspondingly. Appropriately, when the MU is sensed to be non-existent, the FU transmits at maximum power. In other respect, the FAP make the best use of the transmit power of the FU to optimize the secondary network throughput concern to outage limitation of the MU. Finally, effectiveness of the scheme is verified by the extensive matlab simulation.</div>

scholarly journals Game Theoretic Frequency Reuse Approach in OFDMA Femtocell Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joydev Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Spectrum Sharing ◽  
Theoretical Method ◽  
Frequency Reuse ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Femtocell Networks ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Femtocell Network ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Game Theoretic Approach

<div>In this paper, we initially dealt with the issue of spectrum allocation among macro (or “licensed”) and Femto (or “unlicensed”) users in an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) femtocell network of non- ooperative game theoretic frequency reuse approach. We formulate the difficulty based on spectrum bidding. Here individual Secondary Users (SU) create an auction for the amount of bandwidth and every PU can share the frequency band among SUs by itself according to the intelligence from SUs without lowering its own performance. Here, we consider that the bidding is a non- ooperative game and one of its solutions is a Nash Equilibrium (NE). The femto base stations (FBSs) are grouped into different cluster for mitigating the undesired interference among them. The game theoretical method deals with the inter-cluster frequency clashes.We exemplified a link between utility function and the number of players by non-cooperative game theoretic approach to guide the spectrum sharing decision at the cell edges. The convergence of the development mechanism is rigorously scrutinized and extensive numerical outcomes are presented to illustrate their potential merits.</div>

scholarly journals Power and Radio Resource Management in Femtocell Networks for Interference Mitigation

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4843
Author(s):  
Sultan Alotaibi ◽  
Hassan Sinky
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Interference Mitigation ◽  
Radio Resource Management ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Transmission Power ◽  
Wireless Data ◽  
Femtocell Networks ◽  
Rapid Improvement ◽  
Radio Resources ◽  
Two Stages

The growth of mobile traffic volume has been exploded because of the rapid improvement of mobile devices and their applications. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) can be an attractive solution in order to adopt the exponential growth of wireless data. Femtocell networks are accommodated within the concept of HetNets. The implementation of femtocell networks has been considered as an innovative approach that can improve the network’s capacity. However, dense implementation and installation of femtocells would introduce interference, which reduces the network’s performance. Interference occurs when two adjacent femtocells are operated with the same radio resources. In this work, a scheme, which comprises two stages, is proposed. The first step is to distribute radio resources among femtocells, where each femtocell can identify the source of the interference. A constructed table is generated in order to measure the level of interference for each femtocell. Accordingly, the level of interference for each sub-channel can be recognized by all femtocells. The second stage includes a mechanism that helps femtocell base stations adjust their transmission power autonomously to alleviate the interference. It enforces a cost function, which should be realized by each femtocell. The cost function is calculated based on the production of undesirable interference impact, which is introduced by each femtocell. Hence, the transmission power is adjusted autonomously, where undesirable interference can be monitored and alleviated. The proposed scheme is evaluated through a MATLAB simulation and compared with other approaches. The simulation results show an improvement in the network’s capacity. Furthermore, the unfavorable impact of the interference can be managed and alleviated.

scholarly journals Game Theoretic Frequency Reuse Approach in OFDMA Femtocell Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joydev Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Spectrum Sharing ◽  
Theoretical Method ◽  
Frequency Reuse ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Femtocell Networks ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Femtocell Network ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Game Theoretic Approach

<div>In this paper, we initially dealt with the issue of spectrum allocation among macro (or “licensed”) and Femto (or “unlicensed”) users in an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) femtocell network of non- ooperative game theoretic frequency reuse approach. We formulate the difficulty based on spectrum bidding. Here individual Secondary Users (SU) create an auction for the amount of bandwidth and every PU can share the frequency band among SUs by itself according to the intelligence from SUs without lowering its own performance. Here, we consider that the bidding is a non- ooperative game and one of its solutions is a Nash Equilibrium (NE). The femto base stations (FBSs) are grouped into different cluster for mitigating the undesired interference among them. The game theoretical method deals with the inter-cluster frequency clashes.We exemplified a link between utility function and the number of players by non-cooperative game theoretic approach to guide the spectrum sharing decision at the cell edges. The convergence of the development mechanism is rigorously scrutinized and extensive numerical outcomes are presented to illustrate their potential merits.</div>

Network Throughput and Outage Analysis in a Poisson and Matérn Cluster based LTE-Advanced Small Cell Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joydev Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Outage Probability ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Network Throughput ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Network Cell ◽  
Lte Advanced ◽  
The Impact

<div>In LTE-A (LTE-Advanced), the access network cell formation is an integrated form of outdoor unit and indoor unit. With the indoor unit extension the access network becomes heterogeneous (HetNet). HetNet is a straightforward way to provide quality of service (QoS) in terms better network coverage and high data rate. Although, due to uncoordinated, densely deployed small cells large interference may occur, particularly in case of operating small cells within the spectrum of macro base stations (MBS). This paper probes the impact of small cell on the outage probability and the average network throughput enhancement. The positions of the small cells are retained random and modelled with homogeneous Poisson Point Process (PPP) and Matérn Cluster process (MCP). The paper provides an analytic form which permits to compute the outage probability, including the mostly applied fast fading channel types. Furthermore, simulations are evaluated in order to calculate the average network throughput for both random processes. Simulation results highlights that the network throughput remarkably grows due to small cell deployment.</div>

scholarly journals A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Interference Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Akindele Segun Afolabi ◽  
Shehu Ahmed ◽  
Olubunmi Adewale Akinola
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Power Level ◽  
Heterogeneous Wireless Networks ◽  
Interference Management ◽  
Base Station ◽  
User Equipment ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Multi Agent Systems ◽  
Q Learning ◽  
Macro Cell

<span lang="EN-US">Due to the increased demand for scarce wireless bandwidth, it has become insufficient to serve the network user equipment using macrocell base stations only. Network densification through the addition of low power nodes (picocell) to conventional high power nodes addresses the bandwidth dearth issue, but unfortunately introduces unwanted interference into the network which causes a reduction in throughput. This paper developed a reinforcement learning model that assisted in coordinating interference in a heterogeneous network comprising macro-cell and pico-cell base stations. The learning mechanism was derived based on Q-learning, which consisted of agent, state, action, and reward. The base station was modeled as the agent, while the state represented the condition of the user equipment in terms of Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio. The action was represented by the transmission power level and the reward was given in terms of throughput. Simulation results showed that the proposed Q-learning scheme improved the performances of average user equipment throughput in the network. In particular, </span><span lang="EN-US">multi-agent systems with a normal learning rate increased the throughput of associated user equipment by a whooping 212.5% compared to a macrocell-only scheme.</span>

Spectrum Handover Strategies for Cognitive Femtocell Networks

2012 ◽  
pp. 85-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Al-Rubaye ◽  
Anwer Al-Dulaimi ◽  
John Cosmas
Keyword(s):  
Base Stations ◽  
Handover Management ◽  
Spectrum Utilization ◽  
Femtocell Networks ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Switching Unit ◽  
Geographical Cluster ◽  
Service Coordinator ◽  
Cognitive Femtocell

Cognitive femtocell is a promising technology for the next generation wireless networks to improve the efficiency of spectrum utilization, coverage, and to attain higher data rates for indoor communications. In this chapter, the new Cognitive Femtocell Switching Unit (CFSU) is proposed to support handover management for 10-20 cognitive femtocells as a local geographical cluster. Thus, CFSU acts as a service coordinator between femtocells and macrocell areas to improve spectrum utilization and coexistence. Then, the chapter presents solutions for spectrum handover to achieve guaranteed quality of radio service, spectrum utilization, and enable an excellent local handover management to reduce unnecessary handovers between femtocell base stations. The challenges and solutions that are presented in this chapter have the ability to maintain services by evaluating the requested quality of services.

Access Point Placement Optimization for a CBTC System Wireless Data Communication Network

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Aziminejad ◽  
Yan He
Keyword(s):  
Data Communication ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Wireless Data ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Placement Optimization ◽  
Data Links ◽  
Site Survey ◽  
Data Communication Network ◽  
Wireless Mobile Communication

Abstract Radio-based Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC) systems are widely utilized in major urban centers around the world to improve capacity, performance, and safety of public rail transportation systems. The system primary functionalities are performed based on the wireless mobile communication media, through which wayside-onboard communication data links are established. The focus of the presented research is to improve the performance of the CBTC wireless network by providing an efficient framework for placement optimization of the wayside transceivers aiming to maximize the radio coverage. The QoS-oriented convex optimization cost function is based on a heuristic model of radio wave propagation in the tunnel environment. The optimization engine uses the robust, efficient, and well-behaved Nelder-Mead algorithm. Furthermore, to provide reliable means for verification, numerical results are compared with measured data produced through an empirical site survey process performed for an actual CBTC system deployment.

Resource Allocation using Dynamic Fractional Frequency Reuse

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Anitha S Sastry ◽  
Akhila S
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Spectral Efficiency ◽  
Cellular System ◽  
Frequency Reuse ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Cellular Structures ◽  
Fractional Frequency Reuse ◽  
Ofdma System ◽  
Fractional Frequency

This article describes how a multi user cellular system insists on having increase in the spectral efficiency for the number of users and base stations. As far as cellular structures are concerned, the users at the edges experience inter cellular interference (ICI) than the users at the cell center. This is due to lack of resource allocation at cell edges. To improve the throughput at the edges a technique called Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) is employed. This article explores the Dynamic FFR(DFFR) in OFDMA system to improve the overall throughput.

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