scholarly journals AKIBAT KEBERGANTUNGAN ALIH TEKNOLOGI BAGI NEGARA SEDANG BERKEMBANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bakti Trisnawati
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Technology Transfer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Technological Capability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

<p>Technology transfer in terms of business is an asset created through investment with high risk and large costs. On the other hand, mastering technology enables the owner to gain strength not only in the economic field, but also socially, as well as politically. Therefore, it is natural for technology owners to try to maintain the technology they have. However, due to dependence on technology, developing countries have to pay high prices for the purchase of these technologies. In addition, developing countries are also not able to exercise control of the industries built, and also will not succeed in develop“indigenous technological capability”.</p>

scholarly journals Urgency of Licensing Restriction in Joint Venture Companies Related to TKDN

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Toebagus Galang Windi Pratama
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Global Era ◽  
Other Hand

Most companies that market their products in Indonesia in order to pass TKDN using the concept of Joint Venture agreements (PMA) often the parties working together are unbalanced in real terms the shares of foreign owners are greater than domestic shareholders. In such conditions the strong parties tend to impose their will on the weaker party. Therefore, according to the principle of freedom of contact in relation to the free market, in fully contracting is an affair of the parties, however legal protection and public interest are therefore required from government interference in the form of regulation or restrictions. The restrictions in regulating technology transfer from developed countries to developing countries aim to protect the interests of countries that divert technology because the inventor of the technology is considered to have made maximum efforts to find related technology but on the other hand the state is also obliged to protect and improve the welfare of its citizens from that, restrictions on patent licenses are needed so that the TKD is truly "real" and does not reduce the incoming FDI.Based on this, the authors formulated a number of issues namely: Why are restrictions on patent licenses needed and What are the legal consequences of limiting patent licenses . The results of the discussion show that the transfer of technology is needed for developing countries needed to advance their products in the era of globalization so that arrangements for it are needed so that in case of cooperation there is no inequality. And, the role of law in the policy of technology transfer to transform agrarian societies into industrialist societies. Here there is a dilemmatic situation on the one hand the acceleration of mastery of technology including the acceleration of development needs to be done by being open to the owners of capital and technology (which generally comes from developed countries), while on the other hand we still have to maintain national interests. Here is related to the authority of the state to regulate the process of technology transfer. In this global era, after the WTO agreement was reached, which was linked to 2 (two) technology transfer agendas, namely TRIMS and TRIPS. Foreign technology protection was very much needed in the context of foreign investment.

scholarly journals Why is inflation targeting adopted?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Yutaka Kurihara
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Inflation Targeting ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Central Bank Credibility

Since the early 1990s, inflation targeting (IT) has been conducted in many countries and the number of the countries has been increasing rapidly. The outcomes of adopting IT has been discussed, however, the incentives of adopting IT is not fully examined. This study focuses on this issue empirically. The results are clearly divided into two types of countries. In developed countries, budget/GDP ratio, central bank credibility, exchange rate stability, and openness of the economy are deterministic elements of adopting IT, however interestingly, inflation itself does not play any roles of adopting IT. On the other hand, only inflation is the deterministic element of adopting IT in developing countries. Other elements, that are deterministic elements in developed countries, do not any effects on introducing IT. Moreover, countries would not like to limit the scope of policies when the economy’s openness is high.

Body Mass Index and Uncontrolled DM Impact On Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Outcomes

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 4998-4998
Author(s):  
Mohamed Abdelfatah ◽  
Ankit Anand ◽  
Zeyad Kanaan ◽  
Ali Al-Ameri ◽  
Nairmeen Haller
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Hemoglobin A1c ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
The Other ◽  
White Blood Count ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Other Hand

Abstract Background The incidence of obesity is increasing worldwide and is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. Obesity was associated with more toxicity and worse prognosis in pediatric AML patients. On the other hand diabetic patients diagnosed with AML have multiple complications related to infection organ failure and chemotherapy side effects, Previous epidemiological studies in children have shown significant correlations in incidence between AML and DM in children. Aim To study Body-Mass Index (BMI) and uncontrolled DM impact on clinical outcome of adult AML pts. Methods A total of 187 adult pts with AML between 2002-2011 were enrolled. Retrospective data included demographics, labs, cytogenetics and outcome. LeukemiaNET Standardization (LNS), complete remission (CR), overall survival (OS) and relapse free survival (RFS) were obtained (Dohner E, Blood 2010). BMI of <18.5 defined as underweight, 25-30 was defined as overweight, while >30 as obesity. On the other hand Fasting blood glucose and Hemoglobin A1c were measured, DM severity was classified according to guidelines, as non diabetics (A1c)<5.7 and normal FBG<100, high risk for DM with (A1c) from (5.7 - 6.4) and uncontrolled DM (A1c) >6.5. Fischer's and Wilcoxon tests were used for comparatives between groups, cox proportional hazards and logistic regression for associations for OS/RFS and CR, Kaplan-Meier test for OS and RFS estimates via JMP software V9.0. IRB approval was obtained according to Helsinki declaration. Results The median age was 70 years, with 98 (52%) were men. 45 pts (24%) had complex cytogenetics, 28 pts (15%) had AML progressed from MDS. Median BMI was 28.7 (range 14.8-51.4). 10 (5%) were underweight, 34 (18%) had normal BMI, 59 (32%) were overweight, and 84 (45%) were obese. 149 pts (80%) were not Diabetic, 12 pts (6%) had high risk for DM, 26 pts (14%) uncontrolled DM. Overall Median OS was 23 weeks; 46 weeks in normal BMI, 30 weeks in overweight, 14 weeks in obese, 15 weeks in underweight, A according to DM subgroups; 24 weeks non-diabetics, 15 weeks had high risk for DM, 37 had uncontrolled DM. At diagnosis, BMI or Hemoglobin A1c classes were not associated with age, sex, white blood count (WBC), platelets, blasts, ECOG status, LNS; nor treatment toxicities. Even though median survival in weeks was lower in obese and underweight pts, Median OS and RFS were not different in univariate or across BMI subgroups (p=0.32 and 0.22) or Hemoglobin A1c subgroups (p=0.19 and 0.71) Conclusions BMI and uncontrolled DM did not show statistically significant correlation with LNS, relapse rates, OS or RFS. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Comparison of Reduced-Intensity Conditioning with Fludarabine/Busulfan and Fludarabine/Melphalan in Patients 50 Years or Older

Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 3414-3414
Author(s):  
Koji Kawamura ◽  
Shinichi Kako ◽  
Shuichi Mizuta ◽  
Ken Ishiyama ◽  
Jun Aoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Relapse Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reduced Intensity Conditioning ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Standard Risk ◽  
Reduced Intensity

Abstract Introduction: Reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens have been increasingly used in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT), because they can reduce non-relapse mortality in comparison with standard myeloablative conditioning regimens and allow previously ineligible patients such as older patients and patients with comorbidities to receive allo-HCT. However, the optimal RIC regimen in allo-HCT remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted a nationwide retrospective study to compare the transplant outcomes between fludarabine/busulfan (FB) and fludarabine/melphalan (FM) regimens which are two most widely used RIC regimens for allo-HCT. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 2008 patients aged 50 years or older with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (n=1219), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (n=209), or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) (n=580) who underwent allo-HCT using fludarabine/busulfan (FB) or fludarabine/melphalan (FM) between 2001 and 2014. The patients who underwent cord blood transplantation were excluded in this study, but those who received low dose of total body irradiation in addition to the FB or FM regimen were included. Acute leukemia in the first or second remission and MDS excluding refractory anemia with excess blasts or leukemic transformation were defined as standard-risk diseases. Clinical data for these patients were obtained from the Transplant Registry Unified Management Program (TRUMP), which includes clinical data of HCT performed in Japan. We compared the outcomes between FB2 (busulfan at 8 mg/kg po or 6.4 mg/kg iv, n=738), FB4 (busulfan at 16 mg/kg po or 12.8 mg/kg iv, n=749), and FM140 (melphalan at 140 mg/m2, n=521). Results: The median ages were 60 (50-74), 60 (50-75), 59 (50-71) years in the FB2, FB4, and FM140 groups, respectively. The cumulative incidences of grade II-IV and III-IV acute GVHD were 30.7% (95% confidence interval (CI), 27.3-34.1%) and 10.1% (95% CI, 8.0-12.4%), 36.8% (95% CI, 33.3-40.2%) and 12.5% (95% CI 10.2-15.0%), and 39.3% (95% CI, 35.0-43.5%) and 15.2% (95% CI, 12.2-18.4%) in the FB2 group, the FB4 group, and FM140 group, respectively (p=0.0061 and p=0.050). The incidence of relapse at 3 years was higher in the FB2 group (38.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 34.5- 41.9%) than the FB4 group (31.5%; 95% CI, 28.0- 35.0%) or the FM140 groups (28.3%; 95% CI, 24.2- 32.4%, p<0.001, Figure 1A). Conversely, the incidence of non-relapse mortality was lower in the FB2 group (19.7%; 95% CI, 16.7- 22.9%) than the FB4 group (27.4%; 95% CI, 23.9- 30.9%) or the FM140 group (26.2%; 95% CI, 22.3- 30.3%, p=0.0015, Figure 1B). Overall survival (OS) at 5 years in patients with high-risk AML and MDS in the FM140 group (35.3%; 95% CI, 26.2-44.6% and 57.0%; 95% CI 45.2-67.2%) was superior to that in the FB2 group (15.2%; 95% CI 9.3-22.3% and 38.1%; 95% CI 28.8-47.2%) or FB4 group (20.8%; 95% CI, 14.5- 27.8% and 33.8%; 95% CI 23.9-43.9%) (p=0.0028 and p=0.0065, Figure 2A, B), although OS in patients with standard-risk AML or MDS did not differ among the 3 groups. On the other hand, no statistically significant differences were found in OS in patients with standard- and high-risk ALL in the FB2, FB4, and FM140 groups (OS at 5 years in standard-risk ALL patients: 54.9%; 95% CI 40.2-67.4%, 33.6%; 95% CI 10.9-58.4%, and 49.2%; 95% CI 34.8-62.1%; p=0.32, and OS at 3 years in high-risk ALL patients: 20.8%; 95% CI 0.9-59.5%, 0%; 95% CI NA-NA, and 11.3%; 95% CI 0.7-38.3%; p=0.54, respectively). In multivariate analysis (Table 1), the non-relapse mortality rate was significantly higher in the FB4 and FM140 groups than that in the FB2 group (hazard ratio (HR) 1.49; 95% CI 1.17-1.90; p=0.0012 and HR 1.46; 95% CI, 1.14-1.87; p=0.0029). On the other hand, the relapse rate was significantly lower in the FB4 and FM140 groups than that in the FB2 group (HR 0.69; 95% CI, 0.56-0.86; p<0.001 and HR 0.54; 95% CI, 0.43-0.68; p<0.001), and overall survival (OS) was better in the FM140 group than in the FB2 group (HR 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68-0.97; p=0.021), although there were no significant differences between the FB4 and FB2 groups (HR 1.08; 95% CI, 0.91-1.27; p=0.39). Conclusion: FM140 was associated with better OS in patients with high-risk AML and MDS than FB2 because of lower relapse rate and FB4 was not superior to FB2 in OS, although OS in patients with standard-risk disease did not differ among the 3 groups. A large prospective study is warranted to confirm these findings. Disclosures Kako: Otsuka Pharmaceutical: Honoraria. Kanda:Otsuka Pharmaceutical: Honoraria, Research Funding.

Role of Nuclear Inositide Signalling and microRNA Signature in Myelodysplastic Syndromes during Azacitidine and Lenalidomide Therapy

Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 5091-5091
Author(s):  
Matilde Follo ◽  
Sara Mongiorgi ◽  
Cristina Clissa ◽  
Annalisa Astolfi ◽  
Domenico Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Erythroid Differentiation ◽  
Microrna Expression ◽  
The Other ◽  
Epigenetic Therapy ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Other Hand

Abstract Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) gamma1 is involved in erythroid differentiation, via activation of the Akt/PI-PLCgamma1 pathway, and its increase has been associated with erythropoiesis in MDS cells. On the other hand, PI-PLCbeta1 is a nuclear inositide-dependent enzyme implicated in the regulation of hematopoietic differentiation. Interestingly, PI-PLCbeta1 increase plays an important predictive role in the response of MDS cells to epigenetic therapy. Indeed, PI-PLCbeta1 promoter is specifically hypomethylated by azacitidine, a demethylating agent that is clinically used in MDS to improve patients' overall survival and delay the AML evolution. Moreover, azacitidine is currently studied in combination with lenalidomide, to sustain both myeloid and erythroid lineages and balance MDS cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the molecular effects of this combination therapy on inositide signalling pathways and microRNA expression are still unclear. This study included 44 patients diagnosed with high-risk MDS who were given azacitidine and lenalidomide. Patients were considered clinically evaluable after at least 6 cycles of treatment. Molecular analyses were performed at baseline and during the therapy. At first, Real-Time PCR and immunocytochemical experiments were performed to determine PI-PLCbeta1 and PI-PLCgamma1 expression. Then, we also carried out cell cycle analyses and studied both PI-PLCbeta1 methylation status and the expression of erythroid-specific molecules, i.e. Globin genes. On the other hand, to further investigate the effect of the combination therapy on epigenetic mechanisms, we analyzed microRNA expression at baseline and during the treatment. In particular, we started by comparing the 4th cycle of the therapy to baseline, and in case of significant differences, for responder patients, we carried out microRNA profiling at the 8th cycle of the therapy or during the follow-up. Our study included 44 patients, but only 28 subjects were clinically evaluable, with an overall response rate of 78.6% (22/28 cases). At a molecular level, a significant increase of PI-PLCbeta1 expression was associated with a favourable clinical response to the combination therapy. Moreover, responder cases also showed an increased expression of Beta-Globin and PI-PLCgamma1, hinting at a specific contribution of lenalidomide on erythroid activation. On the other hand, the frequent demethylation of PI-PLCbeta1 promoter in responder cases could be specifically linked to azacitidine. Furthermore, MDS cells treated with azacitidine and lenalidomide not only showed an increased G0/G1 phase of cell cycle, but also microRNA expression was affected. In fact, responder and non responder cases showed a specific molecular pattern of microRNAs and, interestingly, some of these microRNAs can target or are strictly associated with inositide signalling pathways. Our results show that the combination of azacitidine and lenalidomide in high-risk MDS patients can be important to induce PI-PLCbeta1, and possibly PI-PLCgamma1. These enzymes can regulate cell cycle, myeloid and erythroid differentiation, thus improving peripheral cytopenia. On the other hand, a specific microRNA signature is important to make a molecular distinction between responder and non responder cases, so that their expression or interactions, possibly with PI-PLCs or other nuclear inositides, can be important to disclose new mechanisms in MDS pathogenesis and identify new predictive markers for the assessment of the response to azacitidine and lenalidomide therapy. Disclosures Gobbi: Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Mundipharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Roche: Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Gilead: Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy. Finelli:Novartis: Other: Speaker fees; Celgene: Other: Speaker fees; Celgene: Research Funding.

Technology transfer in biotechnology in Central Europe

Biologia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Ukropcova ◽  
Ernest Sturdik
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Professional Services ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Level ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Oriented Research

AbstractA research commercialisation programme mapped the Slovak self-governing region of Bratislava for existing and potential spin-off companies. Identification and evaluation analyses of the technology transfer in biotechnology-oriented research were executed. Results of the study confirmed the quality of present level of science but a lack of commercialisation of professional services on the other hand. Financial plans for suggested spin-off business models were predicted by licensed BioBiz™ software programme.

Owner-manager motives and the growth of SMEs in developing countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nsubili Isaga ◽  
Enno Masurel ◽  
Kees Van Montfort
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Firm Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pull Factors ◽  
Push Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One

Purpose – This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the motives of individuals in Tanzania to start their own businesses on the one hand and the growth of their firms on the other hand. Design/methodology/approach – A survey method was used to gather data from 300 small business owners and managers located in selected cities in Tanzania. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to analyse the relationship between the motivation to start an own business on the one hand and firm growth on the other hand. Three indicators for growth, namely, employment, sales and assets, were used to measure growth. Findings – The results suggest that that pull factors are more important to start the businesses than push factors. This contradicts the common opinion and previous research that push factors are more important than pull factors in developing countries. Furthermore, the study found that pull factors are positively related to firm, whereas push factors are negatively related to firm growth. Research limitations/implications – It should be noted that while this paper makes a number of contributions, there are some limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results. For instance, the data for this study were collected from only one type of business, i.e. the furniture industry (in Tanzania). Accordingly, we do not know the applicability of these findings to other businesses in other sectors. Therefore, future research should include businesses in other sectors to ascertain if the present findings are specific to the furniture business only or are applicable to other businesses as well. Practical implications – Our findings indicate that there are differences in motivations among owner-managers in starting the business and subsequent firm performance. Therefore, individuals need different forms of support depending on the level of development of their business, as well as their motivation. For example, we have seen that the presence of role models has a significant effect on business growth. Therefore, the government might consider using the media and other mechanisms to feature stories about successful entrepreneurs. Originality/value – The authors extend the findings of previous studies that investigate the owner-manager motives and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) growth in developed economy settings, but neglected emerging economies. The study also contradicts the common opinion and previous research that push factors are more important than pull factors in developing countries.

Trademarks in Developing Countries

1976 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Industrial Property ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

The concern with the impact of industrial property legislation and practices on the developing countries, at both the national and international levels, has so far been confined almost entirely to patents and patent-related transactions. This focus on the protection of knowledge concerning production processes reflects, on the one hand, a preoccupation with the terms and conditions which owners of technology may be able to obtain for its sale or lease, when their proprietary position is reinforced by legal instruments; and on the other hand, a recognition that unless the developing countries can themselves control the generation of a significant proportion of the technology they employ, it is unlikely either that appropriate technology will be produced, or that good use will be made of what is already available and relevant.

scholarly journals Genetic Plurality of OXA/NDM-Encoding Features Characterized From Enterobacterales Recovered From Czech Hospitals

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Chudejova ◽  
Lucie Kraftova ◽  
Vittoria Mattioni Marchetti ◽  
Jaroslav Hrabak ◽  
Costas C. Papagiannitsis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
The Other ◽  
Travel History ◽  
Genetic Environment ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Previous Hospitalization

The aim of this study was to characterize four Enterobacterales co-producing NDM- and OXA-48-like carbapenemases from Czech patients with travel history or/and previous hospitalization abroad. Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates belonged to “high risk” clones ST147, ST11, and ST15, while the Escherichia coli isolate was assigned to ST167. All isolates expressed resistance against most β-lactams, including carbapenems, while retaining susceptibility to colistin. Furthermore, analysis of WGS data showed that all four isolates co-produced OXA-48- and NDM-type carbapenemases, in different combinations (Kpn47733: blaNDM–5 + blaOXA–181; Kpn50595: blaNDM–1 + blaOXA–181; Kpn51015: blaNDM–1 + blaOXA–244; Eco52418: blaNDM–5 + blaOXA–244). In Kpn51015, the blaOXA–244 was found on plasmid p51015_OXA-244, while the respective gene was localized in the chromosomal contig of E. coli Eco52418. On the other hand, blaOXA–181 was identified on a ColKP3 plasmid in isolate Kpn47733, while a blaOXA–181-carrying plasmid being an IncX3-ColKP3 fusion was identified in Kpn50595. The blaNDM–1 gene was found on two different plasmids, p51015_NDM-1 belonging to a novel IncH plasmid group and p51015_NDM-1 being an IncFK1-FIB replicon. Furthermore, the blaNDM–5 was found in two IncFII plasmids exhibiting limited nucleotide similarity to each other. In both plasmids, the genetic environment of blaNDM–5 was identical. Finally, in all four carbapenemase-producing isolates, a diverse number of additional replicons, some of these associated with important resistance determinants, like blaCTX–M–15, arr-2 and ermB, were identified. In conclusion, this study reports the first description of OXA-244-producing Enterobacterales isolated from Czech hospitals. Additionally, our findings indicated the genetic plurality involved in the acquisition and dissemination of determinants encoding OXA/NDM carbapenemases.

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