scholarly journals Making Silica Gel by Utilizing Candlenut and Palm Oil Shell Ash

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
Muhammad Azhar Shiddiq
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Main Ingredient ◽  
Palm Shell ◽  
Oil Palm Shell

Oil palm shell ash which is the result of boiler combustion inindustry has the potential to pollute the environment and have a badimpact in the long term so that special treatment is needed. Thisstudy aims to answer this problem by making silica gel fromhazelnut shell and oil palm shell ash with variations in the type ofacid and the ratio of ash to determine the effect of the type of acidand the ratio of the raw material in the form of ash to moisturecontent and water absorption of silica gel. Oil palm shell ash is usedas the main ingredient because it contains the most SiO2compounds compared to other compounds (reaching 39.78%).Candlenut shell is also used as a raw material for silica gel becauseit contains silica (12.58%). The stages in this research include thepretreatment process of the material by washing and drying thematerial, the combustion process of the main ingredient in thefurnace, the process of making sodium silicate and the synthesisprocess of silica gel. Then proceed with water content analysis,analysis of water absorption by silica gel and characterization byScanning Electron Microscope. The results of this study were thatthe type of acid, the concentration of the acid and the time ofmaturation of the gel had an influence on the moisture content ofthe silica gel and the absorption capacity of the silica gel. The silicagel produced using H2SO4 produced more mass than the silica gelusing HCl.

scholarly journals Analisis Konsentrasi SO2, NO2 dan Partikulat pada Sumber Emisi Tidak Bergerak (Cerobong) Berbahan Bakar Batubara dan Cangkang (Studi Kasus di Kabupaten Muaro Jambi)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Sugiarto Sugiarto ◽  
Peppy Herawati ◽  
Anggrika Riyanti
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Oil Processing ◽  
Palm Shell ◽  
Oil Palm Shell

The palm oil processing industry in which produces Crude Palm Oil (CPO) generally uses boilers. The combustion process with a boiler will produce pollutants in the form of particulates (dust), and gases such as NO2 and SO2. There are two palm oil processing industries in Muaro Jambi District that use different fuels: coal and oil palm shell. The purpose of this study was to determine the ratio of SO2, NO2 and particulate concentration in industries that use coal and oil palm shell.  Primary data taken in the form of concentrations of SO2, NO2 and particulates also meteorological data. Secondary data taken in the form of map area, height and diameter of the boiler, and production capacity. Sampling time is in the morning, afternoon and evening which is repeated in 3 times. The results showed that the comparison of NO2 and SO2 concentrations produced from coal-fired boilers was higher than shell-fired boilers, but both were still below the quality standard. Particulate concentrations in the palm oil processing industry that use coal-fired boilers are above the quality standard, while shell-fired boilers still meet quality standards.

scholarly journals The Effect of Different Parameters on the Development of Compressive Strength of Oil Palm Shell Geopolymer Concrete

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramin Hosseini Kupaei ◽  
U. Johnson Alengaram ◽  
Mohd Zamin Jumaat
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Lightweight Concrete ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Curing Conditions ◽  
Palm Shell ◽  
Oil Palm Shell ◽  
Curing Regimes

This paper presents the experimental results of an on-going research project on geopolymer lightweight concrete using two locally available waste materials—low calcium fly ash (FA) and oil palm shell (OPS)—as the binder and lightweight coarse aggregate, respectively. OPS was pretreated with three different alkaline solutions of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide, and sodium silicate as well as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for 30 days; afterwards, oil palm shell geopolymer lightweight concrete (OPSGPC) was cast by using both pretreated and untreated OPSs. The effect of these solutions on the water absorption of OPS, and the development of compressive strength in different curing conditions of OPSGPC produced by pretreated OPS were investigated; subsequently the influence of NaOH concentration, alkaline solution to FA ratio (A/FA), and different curing regimes on the compressive strength and density of OPSGPC produced by untreated OPS was inspected. The 24-hour water absorption value for OPS pretreated with 20% and 50% PVA solution was about 4% compared to 23% for untreated OPS. OPSGPC produced from OPS treated with 50% PVA solution produced the highest compressive strength of about 30 MPa in ambient cured condition. The pretreatment with alkaline solution did not have a significant positive effect on the water absorption of OPS aggregate and the compressive strength of OPSGPC. The result revealed that a maximum compressive strength of 32 MPa could be obtained at a temperature of 65°C and curing period of 4 days. This investigation also found that an A/FA ratio of 0.45 has the optimum amount of alkaline liquid and it resulted in the highest level of compressive strength.

DURABILITY PERFORMANCE OF OIL PALM SHELL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE FOR INSULATION BUILDING MATERIAL

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eravan Serri ◽  
Mohd Zailan Suleiman ◽  
Roslan Talib ◽  
Mahyuddin Ramli
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Lightweight Concrete ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Cement Matrix ◽  
Void Content ◽  
Palm Shell ◽  
Oil Palm Shell ◽  
Durability Performance

The advantage of oil palm shell (OPS) as coarse aggregate in concrete can be extended to insulation concrete capacity. Thus, this paper will explain the durability of oil palm shell lightweight concrete (OPSLC) for insulation concrete capacity in building. Nine mix designs were developed containing high volume of OPS, which is 30, 32 and 34% from total volume of concrete with three different OPS shapes (raw, crushed and partly crushed). The water absorption and drying shrinkage were examined; besides, thermal conductivity testing that was conducted for confirmation as insulation concrete category.  The observation of all the specimens lasted one year for durability performance test and 28 days for thermal conductivity value. The highest water absorption value is 43% from previous study that was designed for structural concrete. Higher OPS volume fraction produced higher air void content and caused water loss and increase of the hydration effects on OPSLC shrinkage. It also affected the microstructure conditions, especially specimens that used 34% of OPS volume fraction which show weak interface bond in cement matrix.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Durability Properties and Drying Shrinkage of Heat-treated Oil Palm Shell Species High-strength Lightweight Concrete

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingkun Yew ◽  
Mingchian Yew ◽  
Lip Huat Saw ◽  
Siongkang Lim ◽  
Jing Hang Beh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Lightweight Concrete ◽  
Drying Shrinkage ◽  
Durability Properties ◽  
Palm Shell ◽  
Oil Palm Shell ◽  
Heat Treated

In this study, the effects of heat-treated and non-treated oil palm shell (OPS) species (dura and tenera) are investigated on the slump, density and compressive strength of oil palm shell concrete (OPSC). Two different species of OPS coarse aggregates are subjected to heat treatment at 65 and 130 °C with the duration of 1 h. The results show that the workability of the OPSC increases significantly with an increase in temperature of heat-treated of the tenera OPS aggregates. It is found that the maximum achievable 28-days and 180-days compressive strength is 51 and 54 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, rapid chloride penetration tests (RCPT), porosity measurement and water absorption tests were performance to signify the effects of heat treatment on different OPS species lightweight concrete (LWC). The use of heat-treated OPS LWC induced the advantageous of reducing the permeability and capillary porosity as well as water absorption. The results showed that the ideal of heat treatment method has enhanced the performance of drying shrinkage. Hence, the findings of this study are of primary importance as they revealed that the heat treatment on OPS species LWC can be used as a new environmentally friendly method to enhance the durability properties and drying shrinkage of OPS LWC.

Improving the Properties of Oil Palm Shell (OPS) Concrete Using Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Coated Aggregates

2014 ◽  
Vol 970 ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willie Wei Shung Chai ◽  
Delsye Teo Ching Lee ◽  
Chee Khoon Ng
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Lightweight Concrete ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Palm Shell ◽  
Concrete Properties ◽  
Oil Palm Shell

Recycling and reusing waste materials as aggregate replacement play an important role in solving issues associated with environmental problems and depletion of non-renewable resources. The use of these waste materials as aggregate is highly desirable as it can serve to sanitise the environment and create cheaper, renewable aggregates which will provide a double advantage as cost effective construction material and waste disposal at the same time. Hence, there is growing interest in this research area to promote safe and economical use of waste material as aggregate alternative in concrete. In Malaysia, where oil palm shell (OPS) is generated in abundance from the oil palm industry, reusing OPS as concrete aggregate replacement has been widely studied. Results from previous studies have shown that OPS concrete can be used in practical application as structural lightweight concrete. However, the properties of OPS can be further improved to achieve better performance of the resulting concrete. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer which is extensively used in all kinds of industries, such as papermaking, adhesive for plywood, printing and even in the construction industry as internal wall coating, plasterwork and joint sealing. It has been found that PVA has the potential to improve the quality of the OPS aggregates and hence enhance the resulting concrete properties. In this paper, an experimental program on concrete produced from PVA coated OPS aggregates is presented. The PVA treated OPS concrete was tested for slump, air-dry density, compressive strength, and water absorption. It was found that PVA treated OPS concrete had significant improvement in its compressive strength as compared to raw OPS concrete. It was determined that PVA treated OPS concrete can achieve 28-day compressive strength of up to 33.53 MPa. Moreover, it was also determined that there was a decrease of 0.67% in the water absorption of PVA treated OPS concrete as compared to the raw OPS concrete. In general, the investigation results showed that PVA can be used to improve the OPS concrete properties for the production of structural lightweight concrete.

scholarly journals Utilization of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch in Cement Bricks

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jen Hua Ling ◽  
Yong Tat Lim ◽  
Wen Kam Leong ◽  
How Teck Sia
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Feasibility Evaluation ◽  
Oil Palm Industry

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) is a biomass waste abundantly produced by the oil palm industry in Malaysia. To minimize the environmental impacts, it needs to be properly disposed of or being rapidly consumed as a raw material of another industry. This study investigated the feasibility of substituting EFB in cement bricks, which is in high demand by the construction industry. A total of 120 specimens having the cement-to-sand (c/s) ratios of 1:2.5 and 1:3 were produced in the laboratory. EFB fibre was used to replace 10% to 25% of sand in the mix by volume. The specimens were tested for the compressive strength, density and water absorption after 28 days of casting. For the mix of 1:2.5 c/s ratio, 25% EFB content reduced 22% of density, decreased 59% of compressive strength and increased 43% of water absorption capacity of normal cement brick. This was mainly attributed to the porous cellular structure of EFB fibre that created a large volume of voids in the mix. Based on the feasibility evaluation, EFB fibre can only replace up to 15% and 10% of sand in the mixes of 1:2.5 and 1:3 c/s ratios respectively.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Durability Properties and Drying Shrinkage of Heat-treated Oil Palm Shell Species High-strength Lightweight Concrete

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingkun Yew ◽  
Mingchian Yew ◽  
Lip Huat Saw ◽  
Siongkang Lim ◽  
Jing Hang Beh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Lightweight Concrete ◽  
Drying Shrinkage ◽  
Durability Properties ◽  
Palm Shell ◽  
Oil Palm Shell ◽  
Heat Treated

In this study, the effects of heat-treated and non-treated oil palm shell (OPS) species (dura and tenera) are investigated on the slump, density and compressive strength of oil palm shell concrete (OPSC). Two different species of OPS coarse aggregates are subjected to heat treatment at 65 and 130 °C with the duration of 1 h. The results show that the workability of the OPSC increases significantly with an increase in temperature of heat-treated of the tenera OPS aggregates. It is found that the maximum achievable 28-days and 180-days compressive strength is 51 and 54 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, rapid chloride penetration tests (RCPT), porosity measurement and water absorption tests were performance to signify the effects of heat treatment on different OPS species lightweight concrete (LWC). The use of heat-treated OPS LWC induced the advantageous of reducing the permeability and capillary porosity as well as water absorption. The results showed that the ideal of heat treatment method has enhanced the performance of drying shrinkage. Hence, the findings of this study are of primary importance as they revealed that the heat treatment on OPS species LWC can be used as a new environmentally friendly method to enhance the durability properties and drying shrinkage of OPS LWC.

Characteristic of Oil Palm Activated Carbon Produced from Microwave and Conventional Heating

2016 ◽  
Vol 819 ◽  
pp. 606-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatimatul Zaharah Abas ◽  
Farid Nasir Ani
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Palm Shell ◽  
Oil Palm Shell

Malaysia has been acknowledged as one of the largest producer and exporter in the production of oil palm biomass. This is not surprisingly that industry contributes massive amount of the waste such as empty fruit bunches, palm mesocarpfibre, and palm kernel shell. This abundance of oil palm by-products make them an attractive source of raw material for the production of activated carbon. The activated carbon has been widely used in variety industries such as bio-catalyst, removal of toxic substance, purification of liquid and gas as well as catalyst support. The comparison of characteristic of oil palm activated carbon produced via microwave and conventional heating has been discussed in this paper. The characterization of the activated carbon includes elemental analysis, the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area as well as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has been analyzed in this study.Hence, from the result, it shows that the SEM micrograph of oil palm shell (OPS) activated carbon prepared via microwave heating by using chemical activation produced the clearly and uniformly pore compared to full cavity and not well formed of pore in oil palm shell (OPS) activated carbon via conventional heating.

scholarly journals Compaction Characteristics of Kaolin Reinforced with Raw and Rubberized Oil Palm Shell

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 863
Author(s):  
Shi Jun Loi ◽  
Subhashini Anandan ◽  
Yi Sheng Tan ◽  
Mavinakere Eshwaraiah Raghunandan
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Absorption Data ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Compaction Characteristics ◽  
Palm Shell ◽  
Oil Palm Shell ◽  
Wide Range

This paper presents an attempt to evaluate the suitability of oil palm shell (OPS) and rubberized OPS (ROPS), an alternative bio-material, as reinforcement in kaolin. OPS was surface coated with rubber, and its water absorption potential was studied in 5 media involving water and kaolin samples (with different water contents). The water absorption data measured in the laboratory was used as an indirect measure to verify the degradability of ROPS samples when used as reinforcements in kaolin. The surface treatment of OPS with rubber was found to perform well, with around a fivefold decrease in water absorption, thus making it an ideal treatment procedure to this end. Kaolin-ROPS mixtures with different OPS and ROPS proportions (0, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight) were prepared in laboratory to evaluate their compaction behaviors. Both standard proctor compaction and mini-compaction procedures were adopted in this study to ensure applicability of the findings across a wide range of compaction methods adopted in the laboratory. Compaction curves obtained for both kaolin-OPS and kaolin-ROPS mixes showed a decreasing trend in the maximum dry density values with increasing proportions of OPS and ROPS. Optimum water content of kaolin-OPS mixtures did not show a significant variation, while kaolin-ROPS mixture showed a downward trend with increasing ROPS contents, thereby signifying improvement in the compaction characteristics after OPS reinforcement in kaolin.

Pengaruh Tekanan dan Penggunaan Conplast terhadap Sifat Mekanik Eternit dari Abu Cangkang Sawit

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (15) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Haspiadi Haspiadi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Palm Shell ◽  
Oil Palm Shell ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Test Result

The purpose of this research is to know the influence of pressure and use of conplast against mechanical properties which are a Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Modulus of Rupture (MOR) of plasterboard. The study is done because still low quality of plasterboard made from a mixture of ashes of oil-palm shell especially of the mechanical properties compared to the controls. The method of this reserach used variation of printed pressure and the addition of conplast. Test result is obtained that the highest value of Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) 90875.94 Kg/cm2, Modulus of Rupture (MOR) 61.16 Kg/cm2 and density values in generally good printed at the pressure 60 g/cm3 and the addition of conplast 25% as well as the composition of the ash of palm shell oil 40%: limestone 40%: cement 15%: fiber 5% and 300 mL of water. ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh tekanan dan penggunaan conplast terhadap sifat mekanik yaitu kuat lentur dan keteguhan patah eternit berbahan dasar abu cangkang sawit. Penelitian ini dilakukan karena masi rendahnya mutu eternit berbahan campuran abu cangkang sawit dari bolier khususnya sifat mekanik dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah dengan variasi tekanan cetak dan penambahan conplast. Hasil uji diperoleh bahwa kuat lentur tertinggi sebesar 90875,94 Kg/cm2 dan keteguhan patah sebesar 61,16 Kg/cm2, yang dicetak pada tekanan 60 g/cm3 dan penambahan conplast 25% dengan komposisi  abu cangkang sawit 40 %: kapur 40 % : semen 15 %: serat 5 % dan air 300 mL.Kata Kunci :  Abu cangkang sawit, conplast, kuat lentur, keteguhan patah.

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