scholarly journals Strategi Peningkatan Profit Melalui Pengendalian Biaya Kesempatan (Opportunity Cost) pada Kasus Panggilan Jatuh (Drop Call) BTS di Telkomsel, Karawang

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-116
Author(s):  
Yani Yani Koerniawan
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Personnel Cost ◽  
Operational Cost

Persaingan antara operator seluler di Indonesia cukup ketat, ditandai dengan saling menawarkan tarif murah bagi pengguna layanan telekomunikasi. Telkomsel sebagai operator seluler terbesar dituntut untuk melakukan efisiensi biaya agar profitnya meningkat signifikan ditengah persaingan ketat untuk tetap mempertahankan dominasinya diantara operator seluler. Akan tetapi, biaya itu sendiri bermacam jenisnya, mulai dari total operational cost (operational dan maintenance cost, depreciation cost, general affair cost, personnel cost, marketing cost) dan opportunity cost. Harus tepat menentukan jenis biaya apa yang harus menjadi fokus untuk menjadi sasaran efisiensi, agar profit meningkat signifikan. Untuk mengetahuinya, maka digunakanlah metode penelitian deskriptif yaitu memaparkan biaya data berdasarkan jenisnya dan fakta harga aslinya, untuk menganalisa jenis jenis biaya dan korelasinya terhadap peningkatan profit, dengan data dari Telkomsel area Karawang sebagai sumber penelitian. Dari analisa didapatkan jenis biaya yang paling tepat untuk menjadi sasaran efisiensi adalah opportunity cost yang merupakan biaya yang timbul akibat drop call BTS Telkomsel area Karawang. Karena estimasi kenaikan profit dari efisiensi opportunity cost ini besarnya sekitar 0,48% dari revenue (pendapatan), dibandingakan operational dan maintenance cost yang hanya sebesar 0,2% dari total operational cost. Artinya sebesar 0,48% peluang pendapatan hilang (opportunity cost) akibat drop call. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah, manajemen Telkomsel harus fokus pada efisiensi opportunity cost untuk meningkatkan profit nya secara signifikan.  

scholarly journals Blockchain as a CA: A Provably Secure Signcryption Scheme Leveraging Blockchains

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Tzung-Her Chen ◽  
Ting-Le Zhu ◽  
Fuh-Gwo Jeng ◽  
Chien-Lung Wang
Keyword(s):  
Security Analysis ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Communication Overhead ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Computational Costs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Certificate Chain ◽  
Signcryption Scheme ◽  
Provably Secure

Although encryption and signatures have been two fundamental technologies for cryptosystems, they still receive considerable attention in academia due to the focus on reducing computational costs and communication overhead. In the past decade, applying certificateless signcryption schemes to solve the higher cost of maintaining the certificate chain issued by a certificate authority (CA) has been studied. With the recent increase in the interest in blockchains, signcryption is being revisited as a new possibility. The concepts of a blockchain as a CA and a transaction as a certificate proposed in this paper aim to use a blockchain without CAs or a trusted third party (TTP). The proposed provably secure signcryption scheme implements a designated recipient beforehand such that a sender can cryptographically facilitate the interoperation on the blockchain information with the designated recipient. Thus, the proposed scheme benefits from the following advantages: (1) it removes the high maintenance cost from involving CAs or a TTP, (2) it seamlessly integrates with blockchains, and (3) it provides confidential transactions. This paper also presents the theoretical security analysis and assesses the performance via the simulation results. Upon evaluating the operational cost in real currency based on Ethereum, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme only requires a small cost as a fee.

scholarly journals KAJIAN KELAYAKAN EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN JEMBATAN LAYANG SIMPANG SELAYANG KOTA MEDAN

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Amrizal Amrizal ◽  
Jeffry Lisra
Keyword(s):  
Unit Cost ◽  
Travel Cost ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Land Acquisition ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Time Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Base Structure

The purpose of this study is to create an economically effective flyover construction in Medan so that this study can inspire the local official. Total cost of the construction is Rp. 720 billion which consist of  Rp 10.8 billion of flyover base structure construction cost, mobilization and road hardening cost, design and supervision cost; Rp 7.641 billion annual maintenance unit cost; Rp 22.923 billion/5 years periodically maintenance cost; and Rp 4,375,000/m2 estimated  land acquisition cost. The calculated benefit is travel cost cut-off which is the difference between the total travel cost with and without project. The travel cost consists of Vehicle Operational Cost and Time Value. Based on year 2014 analysis, the total amount of the cut-off saving of Simpang Selayang Flyover is Rp 30.06 billion. Economic feasibility analysis of horizon years for 30 years showed that the benefit obtained based on NPV, which is Rp 61,1 billion, is not adequate enough for 12,5 % annual interest rate, this can be seen by the 10.99% Internal Rate Return (IRR), so, the value of Simpang Selayang Flyover construction is not economically feasible yet.

scholarly journals Key Success Factors: Application 6D BIM to Reduce Initial Cost, Operational Cost & Maintenance Cost in Project Facade High-rise Office using RII Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 470-475
Author(s):  
Paulus Praja Credana ◽  
Budi Susetyo
Keyword(s):  
Success Factors ◽  
Value Engineering ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Key Success Factors ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Building Facade

The application of 6D BIM and value engineering in a project is still very rarely studied because BIM is still a new discussion in the project planners' field. The key to the success of implementing BIM 6D is influenced by several factors which will be explained in this study. The purpose of this study was to determine the success factors for applying BIM 6D value engineering to the Façade project of high-rise office buildings in terms of reducing design costs, operating costs, and maintenance costs. Office Building. This factor will be a focus for stakeholders, especially the Office Building Façade project in Indonesia. Keywords: BIM 6D, building façade, Office building, RII.

scholarly journals Cell Zooming Techniques and Optimization Function in Cellular Based Networks with Energy Efficient and Consumption

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 237-241
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Optimization Function ◽  
Electromagnetic Pollution ◽  
European Markets

Today, the major mobile network utilizes energy in the range of giga watts per year. Nowadays, in European markets energy prices increased around 18% of mobile network operational cost. The design methodology is provisioned with tradeoff between maintenance cost, energy consumption, QOS assurance and deployment. In the existing work, an optimization function for the network design and management has been formulated and its validity has been verified using results of simulation The overall objective of this work is to evolve a strategy to operate a cellular network in an energy efficient manner, thereby reducing energy consumption and electromagnetic pollution. Range of each sector corresponding to a particular cell differs from each other. This allows the sectors to be treated as individual cells and hence, sector zooming can be done

Optimization of Pressurized Tree-Type Water Distribution Network Using the Improved Decomposition–Dynamic Programming Aggregation Algorithm

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1391
Author(s):  
Haomiao Cheng ◽  
Yuru Chen ◽  
Jilin Cheng ◽  
Wenfen Wang ◽  
Yi Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Pump Head ◽  
Type Water ◽  
Tree Type

Pressurized tree-type water distribution network (WDN) is widely used in rural water supply projects. Optimization of this network has direct practical significance to reduce the capital cost. This paper developed a discrete nonlinear model to obtain the minimum equivalent annual cost (EAC) of pressurized tree-type WDN. The pump head and pipe diameter were taken into account as the double decision variables, while the pipe head loss and flow velocity were the constraint conditions. The model was solved by using the improved decomposition–dynamic programming aggregation (DDPA) algorithm and applied to a real case. The optimization results showed that the annual investment, depreciation and maintenance cost (W1) were reduced by 22.5%; however, the pumps’ operational cost (p) increased by 17.9% compared to the actual layout. Overall, the optimal EAC was reduced by 15.2% with the optimized pump head and optimal diameter distribution of the network. This method demonstrated an intrinsic trade-off between investment and operational cost, and provided an efficient decision support tool for least-cost design of pressurized tree-type WDN.

Comparative Analysis of Existing and Optimal Maintenance Policy of Water Borehole Schemes in South Eastern States of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
M.C. Nwachukwu ◽  
J.C. Agunwamba ◽  
B.C. Okoro ◽  
C.N. Mama
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Preventive Maintenance ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Submersible Pump ◽  
Maintenance Policy ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Optimal Maintenance ◽  
Optimal Maintenance Policy

A study optimising maintenance cost of water borehole schemes in South Eastern states of Nigeria (Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu and Imo States) was carried out. Data was collected from 260 boreholes spread across all local government areas in the states. Optimisation results showed that for boreholes (submersible pumps) pumping once per day, the optimal preventive maintenance frequency and resulting savings in cost are 2 and ₦521,076 for Abia; 2 and ₦783,963 for Anambra; 2 and ₦458,242 for Ebonyi; 2 and ₦740,964 for Enugu; 2 and ₦605,187 Imo. For boreholes pumping twice per day, the optimal preventive maintenance frequency and resulting savings in cost are 5 and ₦1,896,301 for Abia; 4 and ₦3,692,655 for Anambra; 5 and ₦786,913 for Ebonyi; 4 and ₦4,187,161 for Enugu; 4 and ₦2,477,609 for Imo; and for boreholes pumping thrice per day; 8 and ₦2,798,330 for Abia; 7 and ₦8,372,862 for Anambra; 7 and ₦6,485,293 for Ebonyi; 10 and ₦4,014,240 for Enugu; 10 and ₦6,021,503 for Imo; with no downtime as opposed to the wasteful current practice of no preventive maintenance with downtime of up to 12 months or more. As a recommendation for a borehole scheme, there should be a check on the type of submersible pump and generator capacity as the choice made directly affects the total operational cost.

Estimating water demand for domestic use in rural South Africa in the absence of price information

Water Policy ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 513-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Banda ◽  
S. Farolfi ◽  
R. M. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Demand Elasticity ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Water Provision ◽  
Cost Of Time

The paper applies the travel cost method (TCM) to estimate the value that rural households in the Steelpoort sub-basin of South Africa place on river and collective tap water. While the TCM calculations are based on the opportunity cost of the time household members spend on water collection, the resulting welfare values are close in magnitude to the estimates obtained using a contingent valuation method (CVM) on the same sample. The paper shows that in the absence of price data, the TCM provides satisfactory estimates of benefits where direct estimation of demand elasticity would otherwise be impossible. According to both methods, households consuming river water attribute higher value to the resource than collective tap users. The income elasticity of the trip generating function is much higher than that of the opportunity cost of time (price), implying that household's water use behaviour would be more responsive to factors affecting household income than to price incentives. Comparing the estimated values with actual operating and maintenance cost of water provision in the study area suggests that policies promoting cost-covering water tariffs have a potential to succeed.

scholarly journals Through-Life Maintenance Cost of Digital Avionics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 715
Author(s):  
Ahmed Raza ◽  
Vladimir Ulansky
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
True Positive ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Conditional Probabilities ◽  
Operational Effectiveness ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Scientific Problem ◽  
Intermittent Faults ◽  
The Cost

Modern avionics can account for around 30% of the total cost of the aircraft. Therefore, it is essential to reduce the operational cost of avionics during a lifetime. This article addresses the critical scientific problem of creating the appropriate maintenance models for digital avionics systems that significantly increase their operational effectiveness. In this research, we propose the lifecycle cost equations to select the best option for the maintenance of digital avionics. The proposed cost equations consider permanent failures, intermittent faults, and false-positives occurred during the flight. The lifecycle cost equations are determined for the warranty and the post-warranty interval of aircraft operation. We model several maintenance options for each period of service. The cost equations consider the characteristics of the permanent failures and intermittent faults, conditional probabilities of in-flight false-positive and true-positive as well as the cost of different maintenance operations, duration of the flight, and some other parameters. We have demonstrated that a three-level post-warranty maintenance variant with a detector of intermittent faults is the best because it minimizes the total expected maintenance cost several folds compared to other maintenance options.

Migration vs. development? The case of poverty and inequality in Mexico

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustín Escobar Latapi
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Inequality Index ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
And Migration

Although the migration – development nexus is widely recognized as a complex one, it is generally thought that there is a relationship between poverty and emigration, and that remittances lessen inequality. On the basis of Latin American and Mexican data, this chapter intends to show that for Mexico, the exchange of migrants for remittances is among the lowest in Latin America, that extreme poor Mexicans don't migrate although the moderately poor do, that remittances have a small, non-significant impact on the most widely used inequality index of all households and a very large one on the inequality index of remittance-receiving households, and finally that, to Mexican households, the opportunity cost of international migration is higher than remittance income. In summary, there is a relationship between poverty and migration (and vice versa), but this relationship is far from linear, and in some respects may be a perverse one for Mexico and for Mexican households.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document