scholarly journals Ammonium glufosinate and triazine herbicides have side effects on soil microorganisms and pathogens

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
I. Storchous ◽  
Yu. Stefkivska
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Ammonium Glufosinate ◽  
Negative Side Effects

Goal. Analysis and synthesis of research results regarding the beneficial and negative side effects of ammonium glufosinate and thiazine herbicides on microorganisms. Methods. System-analytical, abstract-logical, empirical. Results. Information on the side effects of herbicides with the content of the active substance glufosinate ammonium and derivatives of thiazine herbicides is given. One of the side effects of herbicides that attracts attention is their biological activity. The biological activity of herbicides goes beyond the effects on target organisms and, thus, herbicides can influence the plant-pathogen interaction through their effect on the causative agent or on the surrounding soil microorganisms, including symbiotic relationships. As a side effect, both a decrease and an increase in diseases caused by phytopathogens that affect leaves, stems or roots are established. However, in some cases, the results obtained in in vitro experiments differed from the results obtained in field conditions in vivo or on a host plant. The phenomenon of the manifestation of side effects of herbicides was first discovered in the early 1940s and began to be studied in more detail since 1960. Conclusions. Generalized information about the history, studies of the side effects of herbicides on different cultures and in different conditions in the world. It is important that such effects are not fully studied, and these mechanisms attract the attention of scientists for their further research. Future studies are planned to be carried out using high-precision methods, such as chip-based technologies, to study all the mechanisms involved in the pathogen-plant interaction, which are modulated by herbicides. This trilateral relationship today is studied as a molecular and biochemical cross-linkage between a plant and a pathogen, a plant and a herbicide, as well as a pathogen and a herbicide. Active studies by foreign scientists of the side effects of herbicides show that in Ukraine, as an agrarian state, it is necessary to purposefully investigate the effect of herbicides on soil microorganisms and pathogens to optimize the use of plant protection products in agricultural production.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of the Metabolite M44 of Bixafen, One of the Active Substancesin Aviator Xpro EC225

2019 ◽  
pp. 317-318
Author(s):  
Jan Ludvig Lyche ◽  
Hubert Dirven ◽  
Marit Låg ◽  
Asbjørn Magne Nilsen ◽  
Katrine Borgå ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Guidance Document ◽  
Developmental Effects ◽  
Historical Control Data ◽  
The Eu

Aviator Xpro EC 225 containing the active substance bixafen was assessed by VKM in spring 2013, and it was concluded that the metabolite M44 has potential for groundwater contamination. Furthermore, VKM assessed in late 2013 the relevance of this metabolite in accordance with the EU guidance document on metabolites in groundwater, and concluded that the malformations observed in rabbits exposed to the metabolite should be considered treatment related. VKM also concluded that the data presented to evaluate the possible genotoxic properties of the metabolite was insufficient to reach a conclusion. Based on this, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority rejected the approval of Aviator Xpro EC 225. The applicant has now submitted results from an in vivo study to strengthen the basis for assessment of genotoxic properties, and also submitted new historical controls in relation to the experimental studies on foetal developmental effects in rabbits. The VKM Panel on Plant Protection Products has discussed the questions raised by The Norwegian Food Safety Authority on the basis of the new data, and has the following opinion: On the assessment of genotoxic properties of the M44 metabolite of bixafen, one of the active ingredients of Aviator Xpro EC 225. It is the view of VKM Panel on Plant Protection Products that the new in vivo mouse micronucleus study, supplemented together with a separate study demonstrating bioavailability, overrides the results of the in vitro clastogenicity studies. Taken together, it is the opinion of VKM that under the conditions studied, M44 should be considered as non-genotoxic. On the assessment of the relevance of the foetal malformations in M44 exposed animals. VKMs Panel on Plant Protection products has assessed the arguments and new historical control data presented by the applicant, intended to show that metabolite M44 is not teratogenic. It is however the opinion of the Panel that the arguments and the new historical data provided by the applicant do not alter the panel’s previous conclusion; that the malformations observed in rabbits exposed to the metabolite M44 should be considered treatment related.

scholarly journals Status and Challenges of Plant-Anticancer Compounds in Cancer Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Garcia-Oliveira ◽  
Paz Otero ◽  
Antia Gonzalez Pereira ◽  
Franklin Chamorro ◽  
Maria Carpena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Anticancer Compounds ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Anticancer Properties ◽  
Clinical Stages ◽  
Negative Side Effects

Nowadays, cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in the world, which has been estimated to cause 9.9 million deaths in 2020. Conventional treatments for cancer commonly involve mono-chemotherapy or a combination of radiotherapy and mono-chemotherapy. However, the negative side effects of these approaches have been extensively reported and have prompted the search of new therapeutic drugs. In this context, scientific community started to look for innovative sources of anticancer compounds in natural sources, including traditional plants. Currently, numerous studies have evaluated the anticancer properties of natural compounds derived from plants, both in vitro and in vivo. In pre-clinical stages, some promising compounds could be mentioned, such as the sulforaphane or different phenolic compounds. On the other hand, some phytochemicals obtained positive results in clinical stages and were further approved for cancer treatment, such as vinca alkaloids or the paclitaxel. Nevertheless, these compounds are not exempt of limitations, such as low solubility, restricted effect on their own, negative side-effects, etc. This review aims to compile the information about the current phytochemicals used for cancer treatment and also promising candidates, main action mechanisms and also reported limitations. In this sense, some strategies to face the limitations have been considered, such as nano-based formulations to improve solubility or chemical modification to reduce toxicity. In conclusion, although more research is still necessary to develop more efficient and safe phytochemical drugs, more of these compounds might be used in future cancer therapies.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of the Active Plant Protection Product Ingredient MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid): AOEL and ADI Determination

2019 ◽  
pp. 38-39
Author(s):  
Asbjørn Magne Nilsen ◽  
Hubert Dirven ◽  
Jan Ludvig Lyche ◽  
Marit Låg ◽  
Katrine Borgå ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Dermal Absorption ◽  
Renal Effects ◽  
In Vivo Experiments

MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid) is the active ingredient in several registered herbicides. VKM concluded in 2006 that the effects observed in experiments with dogs were of little relevance to humans, and an AOEL value of 0.036 mg/kg bw/day was proposed, based on renal effects in a 90-day study in rats. The manufacturer is of the opinion that AOEL should be set to 0.11 mg/kg bw/day, and ADI to 0.05 mg/kg bw/day, based on the view that since a 90-day and 2-year study in rats were conducted in the same lab using the same rat strain, it is reasonable to eliminate effects which are not reproduced in both sets of data. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority has therefore requested VKM’s Panel for Plant Protection Products for an opinion on the determination of NOAEL values based on the 90-day and 2-year studies in rats, and consider if it is acceptable to use the manufacturer's approach for an overall consideration of the submitted studies. The Panel has discussed the findings in the two rat studies and concluded that it is not considered acceptable that individual studies separated by several years, in this case studies performed in 1985 and 1988, are taken together and data not reproduced in both sets eliminated. The Panel is still of the opinion that both AOEL and ADI for MCPA should be set to 0.036 mg/kg bw/day based on a NOAEL of 3.6 mg/kg bw/day (50 ppm) from assessment of the renal effects in the 90-day study in rats. The manufacturer has also requested a reconsideration of the present values for dermal absorption which was set by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority during the administrative review of the product MCPA 750 Liquid in 2013. VKM’s Panel on Plant Protection Products supports the conclusion of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority concerning the determination of values for dermal absorption of MCPA. This includes the consideration of remaining substance in skin after washing as part of the absorbed dose in the in vitro studies, and the use of the same experimental time period in the in vitro and in vivo experiments as a basis for the so-called “Triple-pack-approach” for determination of human dermal absorption.

scholarly journals Biological Effects of Propolis on Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Hamide Doğan ◽  
Sibel Silici ◽  
Ahmet Ata Ozcimen
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Bee Colony

Propolis is a special resin and wax material collected from the leaves and shells of trees, buds and shoots of plants by honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). In recent years, many researchers have studied the chemical composition, biological activity and pharmacological properties of propolis. The colour, odour and pharmacological properties of the propolis composition also vary as the composition changes depending on the plant, region, season and bee colony. Flavonoids, aromatic acids, phenolic acids and esters are the main compounds responsible for the biological activity of propolis. A number of studies have been conducted on the use of propolis or its active ingredients in the treatment of cancer. It has been observed that the use of propolis did not cause side effects according to in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Propolis should be extracted with different compounds for use in biological assays. The most commonly used compounds for extraction are ethanol, methanol, oil and water. A number of studies have been carried out showing the antitumor effect of propolis in cell culture and animal tests. The search for new drugs derived from natural products, which may function as chemotherapeutic agents and have low side effects, has increased in recent years. Combination with antioxidant therapy may improve the side effects of chemotherapy on leukocytes, liver and kidney, thus increasing the effect of chemotherapy with dose increase.

scholarly journals Specifics of pesticides effects on the phytopathogenic bacteria

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Patyka ◽  
Natalia Buletsa ◽  
Lidiya Pasichnyk ◽  
Natalia Zhitkevich ◽  
Antonina Kalinichenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Phytopathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Long Term Storage

Abstract The data concerning the effects of pesticides of different nature on the phytopathogenic bacteria was examined and summarized. Without extensive research on the mechanisms of interaction between pathogenic bacteria and pesticides in the literature review a similar message about microorganisms of soil and phyllosphere are included. The bacteria can be suppressed permanently by pesticides with a mechanism of action that universally affects biological processes in living systems. Long-term storage, ease of use and fast visible effect are the advantages of synthetic pesticides remedies. But chemical pollution, shifts in the balance of ecosystems, unpredictable effects of chemical pesticides on non-target objects are the drawbacks. Stimulation of resistance response in plants is unifying factor for all types of biopesticides. This is realized through localization of the pathogen during infection, blocking its further penetration, distribution and reproduction. The results of the study of effects of plant protection products on the phytopathogenic bacteria of main crops are described. Among all tested pesticides, thiocarbamate fungicides demonstrated significant inhibitory action on phytopathogens, but their effect may be neutralized by other constituents of multicomponent preparations. Triazole fungicides affect the causative agents of bacterioses of crops at a dose of more than 1% of the active substance in the nutrient medium. Insecticides and herbicides have little or no effect on phytopathogenic bacteria; however they can enhance morphological dissociations of some Pseudomonas strains, thereby increasing their ability to survive. The disadvantage of many biopesticides against phytopathogenic microorganisms is the difference between their efficacy in vitro and in vivo that is why the desired result is not achieved in field condition. In addition, biological pesticides often lose their activity causing the problem of constant search for new active antagonists. The fact that the sensitivity of phytopathogenic bacteria to pesticides is strain-dependent should be considered in practice, particularly, assessment of the antibacterial action of various preparations should not be limited to a single bacterial strain.

A Comparative Ex Vivo Study of Plasminogen Activators and Proteases for Fibrinolytic Activity and Side Effects in Rabbits

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (01) ◽  
pp. 154-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A Janik ◽  
S. E Papaioannou
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Plasminogen Activators ◽  
Assay System ◽  
Coagulation Parameters ◽  
Ex Vivo Assay

SummaryUrokinase, streptokinase, Brinase, trypsin, and SN 687, a bacterial exoprotease, have been evaluated in an ex vivo assay system. These enzymes were injected into rabbits and the fibrinolytic activity as well as other coagulation parameters were measured by in vitro techniques. Dose-response correlations have been made using the euglobulin lysis time as a measure of fibrinolytic activity and the 50% effective dose has been determined for each enzyme. Loading doses, equal to four times the 50% effective dose, were administered to monitor potential toxicity revealing that Brinase, trypsin, and SN 687 were very toxic at this concentration.Having established the 50% effective dose for each enzyme, further testing was conducted where relevant fibrinolytic and coagulation parameters were measured for up to two days following a 50% effective dose bolus injection of each enzyme. Our results have demonstrated that urokinase and streptokinase are plasminogen activators specifically activating the rabbit fibrinolytic system while Brinase, trypsin and SN 687 increase the general proteolytic activity in vivo.The advantages of this ex vivo assay system for evaluating relative fibrinolytic potencies and side effects for plasminogen activators and fibrinolytic proteases have been discussed.

Neurotoxicity of Pesticides: The Roadmap for the Cubic Mode of Action

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Bumbăcilă ◽  
Mihai V. Putz
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Organophosphate Compounds ◽  
Sar Studies ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Cubic Structure

Pesticides are used today on a planetary-wide scale. The rising need for substances with this biological activity due to an increasing consumption of agricultural and animal products and to the development of urban areas makes the chemical industry to constantly investigate new molecules or to improve the physicochemical characteristics, increase the biological activities and improve the toxicity profiles of the already known ones. Molecular databases are increasingly accessible for in vitro and in vivo bioavailability studies. In this context, structure-activity studies, by their in silico - in cerebro methods, are used to precede in vitro and in vivo studies in plants and experimental animals because they can indicate trends by statistical methods or biological activity models expressed as mathematical equations or graphical correlations, so a direction of study can be developed or another can be abandoned, saving financial resources, time and laboratory animals. Following this line of research the present paper reviews the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) studies and proposes a correlation between a topological connectivity index and the biological activity or toxicity made as a result of a study performed on 11 molecules of organophosphate compounds, randomly chosen, with a basic structure including a Phosphorus atom double bounded to an Oxygen atom or to a Sulfur one and having three other simple covalent bonds with two alkoxy (-methoxy or -ethoxy) groups and to another functional group different from the alkoxy groups. The molecules were packed on a cubic structure consisting of three adjacent cubes, respecting a principle of topological efficiency, that of occupying a minimal space in that cubic structure, a method that was called the Clef Method. The central topological index selected for correlation was the Wiener index, since it was possible this way to discuss different adjacencies between the nodes in the graphs corresponding to the organophosphate compounds molecules packed on the cubic structure; accordingly, "three dimensional" variants of these connectivity indices could be considered and further used for studying the qualitative-quantitative relationships for the specific molecule-enzyme interaction complexes, including correlation between the Wiener weights (nodal specific contributions to the total Wiener index of the molecular graph) and the biochemical reactivity of some of the atoms. Finally, when passing from SAR to Q(uantitative)-SAR studies, especially by the present advanced method of the cubic molecule (Clef Method) and its good assessment of the (neuro)toxicity of the studied molecules and of their inhibitory effect on the target enzyme - acetylcholinesterase, it can be seen that a predictability of the toxicity and activity of different analogue compounds can be ensured, facilitating the in vivo experiments or improving the usage of pesticides.

Current Status and Future Perspective for Research on Medicinal Plants with Anticancerous Activity and Minimum Cytotoxic Value

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1227-1243
Author(s):  
Hina Qamar ◽  
Sumbul Rehman ◽  
D.K. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Wide Range

Cancer is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although chemotherapy and radiotherapy enhance the survival rate of cancerous patients but they have several acute toxic effects. Therefore, there is a need to search for new anticancer agents having better efficacy and lesser side effects. In this regard, herbal treatment is found to be a safe method for treating and preventing cancer. Here, an attempt has been made to screen some less explored medicinal plants like Ammania baccifera, Asclepias curassavica, Azadarichta indica, Butea monosperma, Croton tiglium, Hedera nepalensis, Jatropha curcas, Momordica charantia, Moringa oleifera, Psidium guajava, etc. having potent anticancer activity with minimum cytotoxic value (IC50 >3μM) and lesser or negligible toxicity. They are rich in active phytochemicals with a wide range of drug targets. In this study, these medicinal plants were evaluated for dose-dependent cytotoxicological studies via in vitro MTT assay and in vivo tumor models along with some more plants which are reported to have IC50 value in the range of 0.019-0.528 mg/ml. The findings indicate that these plants inhibit tumor growth by their antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic molecular targets. They are widely used because of their easy availability, affordable price and having no or sometimes minimal side effects. This review provides a baseline for the discovery of anticancer drugs from medicinal plants having minimum cytotoxic value with minimal side effects and establishment of their analogues for the welfare of mankind.

Mannose Conjugated Starch Nanoparticles for Preferential Targeting of Liver Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhlesh Kumar Jain ◽  
Hitesh Sahu ◽  
Keerti Mishra ◽  
Suresh Thareja
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Starch Nanoparticles

Aim: To design D-Mannose conjugated 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) loaded Jackfruit seed starch nanoparticles (JFSSNPs) for site specific delivery. Background: Liver cancer is the third leading cause of death in world and fifth most often diagnosed cancer is the major global threat to public health. Treatment of liver cancer with conventional method bears several side effects, thus to undertake these side effects as a formulation challenge, it is necessary to develop novel target specific drug delivery system for the effective and better localization of drug into the proximity of target with restricting the movement of drug in normal tissues. Objective: To optimize and characterize the developed D-Mannose conjugated 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) loaded Jackfruit seed starch nanoparticles (JFSSNPs) for effective treatment of liver cancer. Materials and methods: 5-FU loaded JFSSNPs were prepared and optimized formulation had higher encapsulation efficiency were conjugated with D-Mannose. These formulations were characterized for size, morphology, zeta potential, X-Ray Diffraction, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Potential of NPs were studied using in vitro cytotoxicity assay, in vivo kinetic studies and bio-distribution studies. Result and discussion: 5-Fluorouracil loaded NPs had particle size between 336 to 802nm with drug entrapment efficiency was between 64.2 to 82.3%. In XRD analysis, 5-FU peak was diminished in the diffractogram, which could be attributed to the successful incorporation of drug in amorphous form. DSC study suggests there was no physical interaction between 5- FU and Polymer. NPs showed sustained in vitro 5-FU release up to 2 hours. In vivo, mannose conjugated NPs prolonged the plasma level of 5-FU and assist selective accumulation of 5-FU in the liver (vs other organs spleen, kidney, lungs and heart) compared to unconjugated one and plain drug. Conclusion: In vivo, bio-distribution and plasma profile studies resulted in significantly higher concentration of 5- Fluorouracil liver suggesting that these carriers are efficient, viable, and targeted carrier of 5-FU treatment of liver cancer.

Light Chain LC and TAT-EGFP-HCS of Botulinum Toxin Expression and Biological Function in vitro and in vivo

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-180
Author(s):  
Fengjin Hao ◽  
Yueqin Feng ◽  
Yifu Guan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
C6 Cells ◽  
Green Fluorescence ◽  
Bv2 Cells

Objective: To verify whether the botulinum toxin heavy chain HCS has specific neuronal targeting function and to confirm whether TAT-EGFP-LC has hydrolyzable SNAP-25 and has transmembrane biological activity. Methods: We constructed the pET-28a-TAT-EGFP-HCS/LC plasmid. After the plasmid is expressed and purified, we co-cultured it with nerve cells or tumors. In addition, we used Western-Blot to identify whether protein LC and TAT-EGFP-LC can digest the protein SNAP-25. Results: Fluorescence imaging showed that PC12, BV2, C6 and HeLa cells all showed green fluorescence, and TAT-EGFP-HCS had the strongest fluorescence. Moreover, TAT-EGFP-LC can hydrolyze intracellular SNAP-25 in PC12 cells, C6 cells, BV2 cells and HeLa, whereas LC alone cannot. In addition, the in vivo protein TAT-EGFP-HCS can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and enter mouse brain tissue. Conclusion: TAT-EGFP-HSC expressed in vitro has neural guidance function and can carry large proteins across the cell membrane without influencing the biological activity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document