Influence of genotype on representativeness of Alternaria sp. inside the seeds of winter wheat

Goal. To establish the influence of the genotype of winter wheat on the presence of Alternaria sp. in the seeds of winter wheat under different growing conditions, for different periods of time, among varieties from different original institutions of Ukrainian and foreign selection. Methods. Field — cultivation of wheat varieties in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine; organizational — collection of seed samples; laboratory — analysis of the mycoflora of winter wheat seeds by biological method on the PGA, determination of Alternaria fungi on the environment of the PCA; analytical and mathematical — analysis of the obtained results and their statistical comparison. Results. The study of the influence of the variety on the isolation of Alternaria fungi for their cultivation in different years for the period from 2011 to 2020 and in different growing conditions proved the existence of a significant difference in their total amount and number of individual species, especially dominant. Differences were noted in the presence of Alternaria sp. inside the seeds grown in two climatic zones (Polissya and Forest-Steppe), on farms and in experimental fields. Three-year observation of the species of these fungi on two varieties from one originator showed their different isolation: both the presence of certain representatives and the number of their isolation. Analysis of 9 and 17 genotypes of wheat of Ukrainian and foreign selection during 2019 and 2020 also showed a different picture of the population of Alternaria fungi. Conclusions. Significant influence of genotype on the selection of Alternaria sp. was installed. Based on several years of studying the population of winter wheat seeds with Alternaria fungi, genotypes with a smaller presence were identified: in 2013—2015 — Gordovyta variety, in 2019—2020 — Emil, Pylypivka. It should be borne in mind that fewer alternative fungi reduce the presence of their mycotoxins, but increase the number of other fungi in the mycoflora, sometimes more dangerous.

Black point of winter wheat seeds

Goal. To study infection of seeds of winter wheat varieties by «black point» and to establish the phytopathogenic composition of pathogens in the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Laboratory — macroscopic analysis was performed according to DSTU 4138-2002, phytopathogenic composition was identified using nutrient medium, statistical analysis of the obtained data — calculation of the degree of pathogen severity, LSD. Results. A collection of 27 varieties of soft winter wheat was studied to determine the degree of seed infection. The highest percentage of infection was found in varieties Vodogray Bilotserkivsky (Ukraine), Adele (Russia), Balitus (Austria), Viglanka (Slovakia), Sefeg-2 (Azerbaijan). The least susceptible to the disease are varieties Daria (Croatia), Bodycek (France), Gratsia Bilotserkivska (Ukraine, Bila Tserkva DSS), Azano (Sweden), Gospodarka (Ukraine), Kozyr (Ukraine), Morozko (Russia), the number of grains with signs of darkening in the embryonic zone for these varieties did not exceed 1%. The sowing qualities of the diseased seeds were determined. The species composition of phytopathogens that cause the disease has been established. The phytopathogenic complex of seeds with the «black point» included fungi of the genera Alternaria, Fusarium, Curvularia, Bipolaris, Aspergillus, Acremoniella, Stemphillium, Sordaria and Epicoccum. Most often, the seeds were colonized by fungi of the genus Alternaria Nees. Their share in the years of research was 76.6—83.1%. Conclusions. The infection of seeds of winter wheat varieties by black point under conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine in 2018—2019 ranged from 0 to 19.8% depending on the variety and year of research. The phytopathogenic complex included 13 species of fungi from 9 genera: Alternaria, Fusarium, Curvularia, Bipolaris, Aspergillus, Acremoniella, Stemphillium, Sordaria, Epicoccum. The part of Alternaria spp. in the years of research was over 75%, the most common species were A. tenuissima and A. infectoria. The percentage of species from other genera was insignificant and did not exceed 4.6%.

The еffect of fungicides on the development of diseases and soybean yield in the Forest steppe of Ukraine

Goal. To study the effectiveness of modern fungicides against the most common diseases of soybeans during the growing season and their effect on crop productivity in the Forest-steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, phytopathological, statistical. The experiments were carried out in the farms of the Kyiv region, belonging to the Forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. Spraying of soybean crops was carried out twice during the growing season in the phases of budding-beginning of flowering (51—55) and the formation of beans (71—75). Determined the development of diseases, the effectiveness of fungicides, crop yield. Results. The most common diseases of soybeans in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine have been identified: Alternaria, downy mildew, Fusarium wilting, Septoria, and bacterial blight. The species composition of diseases and the degree of their development were largely influenced by the weather conditions of the growing season. The investigated fungicides Abacus mk.e. (pyraclostrobin, 62.5 + epoxiconazole, 62.5), Amistar Extra 280 SC, (azoxystrobin, 200 + cyproconazole, 80), Acanto Plus 28 c.s. (picoxystrobin, 200 g/l + cyproconazole, 80 g/l), Coronet 300 SC (trifloxystrobin, 100 g/l + tebuconazole, 200 g/l), as well as Impact K preparations, c.s. (flutriafol, 117.5 g/l + carbendazim, 250 g/l) and Koside 2000 w. g. (copper hydroxide, 350 g/kg) at the recommended application rates effectively limited the development of most fungal pathogens. The highest protective effect of 69.8—78.9% of fungicides was shown against downy mildew of soybeans, the lowest — 31.7—42.2% against Alternaria, which had the highest development in comparison with other diseases. Fungicide Koside 2000 w. g. at the level of 67% limited the development of bacterial diseases. The use of fungicides had a positive effect on the yield of soybeans. Due to the limitation of the development of diseases, the soybean yield increased by 21.2—30.3%, depending on the variant of the experiment. Conclusions. The use of fungicides significantly affected the limitation of the development of the most common soybean diseases in the Forest-steppe of Ukraine. The effectiveness of The effectiveness of the studied modern fungicides against peronospora, fusarium wilting, septoria was at the level of 60.2—78.9%. Fungicides most effectively controlled the development of downy mildew, less effectively — the development of Alternaria. The limitation of soybean diseases when using fungicides contributed to an increase in its yield by an average of 0.7—1.0 t/ha.

Harmfulness of giant Heracleum hogweed and methods of their control

Goal. Analysis and generalization of domestic and foreign experience on the invasion and harmfulness of giant hogweeds, including Sosnowski’s heracleum Sosnowskyi Mandenova to disseminate scientifically sound information on practical methods of control and prevention of further spread of giant hogweed, promoting biological conservation. Methods. System-analytical, abstract-logical, empirical. Results. According to research, scientists have predicted that the penetration of alien species into new territories is constant. However, more and more these processes are intensified under the influence of human activity. A clear example of this is the situation with giant hogweed. Imported into Western Europe in the XIX century as an ornamental plant Borage Mantegazzi today poses a real threat to the ecosystems of almost all countries of the European continent. The seeds of the London population of Persian borage were sown in 1836 by English gardeners in northern Norway, from where it quickly spread throughout the Scandinavian countries. In the former USSR in the postwar years, Sosnowski’s hogweed was actively studied and implemented, which has now become widespread in the natural ecosystems of the CIS countries and Ukraine in particular. Conclusions. According to research, scientists have predicted that giant hogweed poses a great danger and threatens the natural ecosystems of our country and the West, control of Mantegazzi hogweed will be much more difficult and costly than with Sosnowski hogweed. For this reason, it is essential to take preventive measures to locate and remove plants of very dangerous invasive species and other species with a polycarpic cycle of development, as well as to prevent their widespread spread.

Effectiveness of modern insecticides in protection of apple planting from blood-red aphids

Goal. To investigate an efficacy of the insecticides Movento 100 SC (spirotetramate, 100 g/l), Sivanto Prime 200 SL (flupiradifuran, 200 g/l) and Transform WG (sulfoxaflor, 500 g/ kg) on a reduction of a number and a harmfulness of blood-red aphid (Eriosoma laniqerum Hausm.), their impact on yields in commercial apple orchards. Methods. A field method, in the commercial apple orchards under the conditions of educational production department of Uman National University of Horticulture of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine . A type of apple trees was Golden Delicious. Planting scheme — 4.0 × 3.0 m. Year of planting — 1992. Crown shape — sparsely (improved) — tiered. Rootstock — MM-106. Phases of plant development at application timing — “after blooming, fruit size — up to 20 mm” (BBCH 72) and “development of fruit (fruits about 90% of the final size)” (BBCH 79). Soil — shallow, low — humus dusty — loamy podzolic leached black soils: humus content — 1.3—2.5%; pH 4.8—5.2; mobile compounds Р2О5 — 130—180 mg/ kg and К2О — 8.9—9.2 mg/ kg (by Chirikov method). The measures for care of the experimental site — loosening a soil in the stem strips during the growing period, an application of organic and mineral fertilizers, a pruning, a splaying of grass between the rows (row spacing),a protection from pests and diseases. The technical effectiveness of applications was determined in different rates against blood-red aphids and their impact on yields in commercial apple orchards. Calculations were made according to generally accepted methods in in horticulture, plant protection and entomology. Results. The use of insecticides Movento 100 SC (spirotetramate, 100 g/l), Sivanto Prime 200 SL (flupiradifuran, 200 g/l) and Transform WG (sulfoxaflor, 500 g/kg) against blood-red aphids provided a reduction of this species in the number of 92.8—97.2%. It allowed to obtain a high — grade apple product with a yield of 1.7—1.9 times higher comparing to control. The outcome of non-standard products did not exceed 4,9% compare to 24,9% in the control (water treatment). An application of these insecticides allowed to increase the effectiveness of main biometric indicators of trees, namely: the average length of annual shoots, shoot thickness, leaf surface area by 52.4—76.9%, 1.1—1.2 times and 47.9—138.5%, accordingly, which is important for settlement of potential fruit buds and future yields. Conclusions. The use of insecticides Movento 100 SC (spirotetramat, 100 g/l), Sivanto Prime 200 SL (flupiradifuran, 200 g/l) Transform WG (sulfoxaflor, 500 g/kg) can reduce effectively the harmfulness of blood-red aphids in apple orchards and control its number during the growing period. A limitation of a number of the current sucking species in apple orchard by using the studied applications provided a yield increase and a marketable quality of the obtained fruit products and the effectiveness of basic biometric indicators of trees, namely: the average length of annual shoots, shoot thickness, leaf surface area, which is important for the potential yields in commercial apple orchards in the next years.

Testing of herbicidal systems for maize cultivation in the Steppe of Ukraine

Goal. To determine the agrarian and economic efficiency of different technological systems for herbicidal protection of maize depending on the weed harmfulness level and weather conditions. Methods. Field experiment — for the weeds and maize yield accounting, and calculation method — for determining of the technical and economic efficiency of herbicide systems. Results. We recorded a significant decrease in the inhibitory effect of soil herbicides without precipitation, at elevated air temperature and hot dry wind in the first 5—7 days after their application. Also we specified the best pre-emergence herbicide Acris SE containing the active ingredients: Dimethenamid P (280 g/l) + Terbuthylazine (250 g/l). The number of weeds was indicated according to the experiment variants before spraying crops and 21 days after the application of toxicants. The technical and economic efficiency of combined (pre-emergence + post-emergence herbicides) and mixture of post-emergence products for protection systems of maize was determined. Conclusions. Under arid conditions, within 5—7 days after the application of pre-emergence herbicides (in 2018, the average background weed infestation of crops — 37 pcs/m2), the chemical plant protection system based on a tank mixture of post-emergence herbicides was ahead in terms of technical efficiency, yield and profitability grain production: Frontier Optima CE (Dimethenamid, 720 g/l) + Stellar RK (Topramezone, 50 g/l + Dicamba, 160 g/l) + Metolat wetting agent. The manifestation of soil herbicide phytotoxicity in favorable weather (in 2019—2020, background weed infestation of crops 129—147 pcs/m2) was more effective when using a combined system for controlling harmful species in the maize production technology: Dual Gold KE (S-metolachlor, 960 g/l) — before sowing + Stellar RK (Topramezone, 50 g/l + Dicamba, 160 g/l) + Metolat wetting agent — post emergence application. The best pre-emergence chemical product was Acris SE (Dimethenamid P, 280 g/l + Terbuthylazine, 250 g/l).

Sea buckthorn fly, manifestations of its turn and control in agrocenoses of buckthorn

Goal. To investigate the bioecological and morphological features of the sea buckthorn fly, to evaluate the manifestations of parasitism and methods of phytophage control in agrocenoses of the sea buckthorn. Methods. Census of sea buckthorn flies was carried out in agrocenoses of sea buckthorn of the The Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, its research network. The studies used sea buckthorn varieties of domestic and foreign selection, which differ in ripeness groups: mid-early, mid-ripening, late-ripening. Results. In the conditions of the Polesia-Forest-Steppe and Forest-Steppe ecotopes, a pest of agrocenoses of the sea buckthorn buckthorn fly was revealed. Bioecological features and morphological characteristics of this pest have been investigated. It has been established that in the conditions of the Western and Northern Forest-steppe of Ukraine, mid-early and mid-season varieties of sea buckthorn suffer from the sea buckthorn fly. A set of measures has been developed for the use of elements of agricultural technology, biological and chemical preparations for the control of sea buckthorn flies in sea buckthorn agrocenoses. Conclusions. It has been shown that the populations of the sea buckthorn fly are numerous on plants of early and mid-season varieties of sea buckthorn, in particular, on such as: Chuiskaya, Pagorbova, Morkvyana, Pavilionna. It was found that the larvae of flies penetrate the fruits, where they feed on the pulp, after which the sea buckthorn fruits become completely unsuitable for fresh consumption and for processing. Research carried out during 2017—2020 in the conditions of the Polesia-Forest-Steppe and Forest-Steppe ecotopes, it was possible to identify varieties of sea buckthorn (Orangevya, Adaptyvna), which are relatively resistant to sea buckthorn fly. It has been established that carrying out agrotechnical measures for loosening the soil in the near-stem part of plants and aisles, sowing perennial herbaceous vegetation in the aisles against the background of changing weather conditions significantly inhibits the development of the sea buckthorn fly and reduces damage to sea buckthorn fruits.

Dependence of soybean weed infestation on growing conditions in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Goal. To establish the species composition of weeds, their dominant role and determine the type and level of weediness of soybean crops for cultivation in a fixed nine-course stationary, fallow-crop-row rotation and in monoculture in the eastern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research was conducted by route surveys in field experiments. Results. According to the research of 2011—2017, 30 species of weeds and contaminants were found in soybean crops after winter wheat as forecrop in the stationary crop rotation (spring early and late were 60%, winter and biennial were 17%, perennial were 23%), and 18 species (spring early and late were 72%, wintering and biennial were 6%, perennial were 22%) were found for cultivation in monoculture. They belonged to 16 families, the families Asteraceae (9 species), Poaceae (5 species) and Polygonaceae (5 species) were the most represented. The main weeds in soybean crops in crop rotation and monoculture were Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Roem. et Schult., Chenopodium album L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. and Panicum miliaceum L. In addition to these weeds for growing soybeans in crop rotation were present Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Solanum nigrum L., Polygonum lapathifolium L., Sonchus arvensis L., Convolvulus arvensis L., and in monoculture were Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Xanthium strumarium L. Xanthium strumarium L. was the most dominant in the monoculture (43%), and Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv was subdominant in crop rotation (57%), and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Roem. and Schult. was subdominant in monoculture (57%). Six complex types of weeds were formed in soybean crops, cereal-dicotyledonous-dicotyledonous-root-sprouting and dicotyledonous-grass-annual-grass-root-sprouting prevailed. For cultivation in crop rotation cereal annual species predominated, and dicotyledonous annuals predominated in monoculture. At the same time, the monoculture had a higher level of weeding than crop rotation, or it was equivalent. Conclusions. The species composition of weeds in soybean crops in fallow-crop-row rotation and monoculture differs significantly, which should be taken into account by the agronomic service of farms when developing methods of their control.

The distribution of the Western Corn Rіootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte) in Ternopil region during 2016—2020

Goal. To analyze the distribution of the Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte) in the Ternopil region during 2016—2020. Methods. To generalize the results of phytosanitary monitoring of the spread of the regulated harmful organism on the territory of Ukraine and on the territory of Ternopil region according to the data provided by The Department of Phytosanitary Safety of Main Administration of State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection (SSUFSCP) in Ternopil region. Results. In 2019 the area of D. virgifera virgifera distribution in Ukraine has increased 1.4 times compared to 2016, and the area of its distribution has expanded. Since D. virgifera virgifera was registered in the Ternopil region, the area of affected has increased by approximately 100 hectares per each year. The average annual temperature apparently contributed to the adaptation and the spread of D. virgifera virgifera throughout the region in 2016—2020, and the winter temperature were suitable for the wintering of the eggs. Conclusions. The western corn rootworm belongs to the quarantine organisms. It needs the use all phytosanitary measures for the containment and restriction of its distribution in the territory of the Ternopil region. According to the average spread of this pest (40—50 km/ year), the further expansion of its population in other regions of Ukraine is predicted. The climatic conditions in the Ternopil region and the available fodder base will promote the development of D. virgifera virgifera.

Neoteinic and dwarf weeds: distribution, biology, control

Goal. To determine the features of the distribution, occurrence, biology, harmfulness and methods of control of neoteinic and dwarf weeds in the conditions of the Left Bank Steppе. Methods. The studies were carried out during 2017—2020 by route and expeditionary surveys. Weeds were counted 6—12 times. Results. Neoteinic forms and dwarf plants were found in agricultural crops throughout the growing season. The number of weeds prone to neotenia made up 43 species. The duration of the period from germination to seed ripening varied in them within 14—34 days. Plant height was 2.8—12.4 cm. Their average seed productivity did not exceed 19—21 pcs. from the plant. The mass of 1000 seeds was 12—19% higher, and the germination rate was 21—34% higher than in conventional forms. At an average density of plants, up to 3.43—3.84 thousand pieces/m2 of seeds entered the soil. Stubble ploughing and subsequent basic tillage provided 100% control of them. Late autumn application of herbicides to control neoteinic and other annual weeds was impractical. Dwarf plant species in agrophytocenoses were represented by 27 species. The number of their seedlings in winter crops ranged from 11—16 to 237—334 pieces/ m2, for spring and row crops — from 37—53 to 365—489 pieces/m2. The height of the plants was 10.8—17.5 cm, and the seed productivity was from 6 to 609 pcs. With the density of these weeds at the level of 145—160 pcs/m2, they were consumed in crops of winter wheat 18.9 kg/hectare of nitrogen, 31.0 kg/hectare of phosphorus and 27.8 kg/hectare of potassium. Average water consumption was 141 m3/hectare. The loss of wheat grain was 0.48 t/h. In the fields for grain, cereals and row spring crops, high efficiency of control in all forms and types of weeds was achieved in a system of combination of soil cultivation, which included harrowing, seed bed preparation of autumn plows, as well as the use of herbicides. In the crops of winter wheat and barley, the maximum destruction of weeds was achieved from the use of leaf herbicides in autumn 10—12 days before the end of the growing season or at the beginning of the spring growing season. Conclusions. The main attention in the control system of neotenic and dwarf weeds belongs to the summer-autumn technological method by 1—2-fold stubble plowing. Additionally, in sowing of spring crops, they are destroyed in the system of pre-sowing soil cultivation in combination with herbicides, and in winter crops by the use of leaf herbicides in autumn or early spring.