Doctoral supervision in developing countries: desperately seeking the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Pammla Petrucka
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Scholarship Of Teaching ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Academic Settings ◽  
Graduate Supervision ◽  
Doctoral Supervision ◽  
Low And Middle Income

This reflective paper presents a contextual overview of doctoral supervision in low- and middle-income countries. It highlights several models or frameworks used in Western academic settings. Through a critical lens it considers a number of the opportunities and gaps, which may reframe and/or reform doctoral supervision in the low- and middle-income settings. It identifies a significant gap in the evidence and scholarship on the topic of graduate supervision in developing contexts. In the current and evolving higher education milieu and the global emergence of the knowledge economy, the topic of graduate supervision can no longer go without a serious and fulsome discussion.   How to cite this reflective piece:  PETRUCKA, Pammla. Doctoral supervision in developing countries: desperately seeking the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the South. v. 3, n. 1, p. 92-99, Apr. 2019. Available at: https://sotl-south-journal.net/?journal=sotls&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=65&path%5B%5D=41   This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  

scholarly journals Scoping review of acute stroke care management and rehabilitation in low and middle-income countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
George Lameck Chimatiro ◽  
Anthea J. Rhoda
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Stroke Care ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Care Processes ◽  
Care Structure ◽  
Care Outcomes ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Background Stroke is a major public health concern, affecting millions of people worldwide. Care of the condition however, remain inconsistent in developing countries. The purpose of this scoping review was to document evidence of stroke care and service delivery in low and middle-income countries to better inform development of a context-fit stroke model of care. Methods An interpretative scoping literature review based on Arksey and O’Malley’s five-stage-process was executed. The following databases searched for literature published between 2010 and 2017; Cochrane Library, Credo Reference, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, Science Direct, BioMed Central, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINNAHL), Academic Search Complete, and Google Scholar. Single combined search terms included acute stroke, stroke care, stroke rehabilitation, developing countries, low and middle-income countries. Results A total of 177 references were identified. Twenty of them, published between 2010 and 2017, were included in the review. Applying the Donebedian Model of quality of care, seven dimensions of stroke-care structure, six dimensions of stroke care processes, and six dimensions of stroke care outcomes were identified. Structure of stroke care included availability of a stroke unit, an accident and emergency department, a multidisciplinary team, stroke specialists, neuroimaging, medication, and health care policies. Stroke care processes that emerged were assessment and diagnosis, referrals, intravenous thrombolysis, rehabilitation, and primary and secondary prevention strategies. Stroke-care outcomes included quality of stroke-care practice, functional independence level, length of stay, mortality, living at home, and institutionalization. Conclusions There is lack of uniformity in the way stroke care is advanced in low and middle-income countries. This is reflected in the unsatisfactory stroke care structure, processes, and outcomes. There is a need for stroke care settings to adopt quality improvement strategies. Health ministry and governments need to decisively face stroke burden by setting policies that advance improved care of patients with stroke. Stroke Units and Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (rtPA) administration could be considered as both a structural and process necessity towards improvement of outcomes of patients with stroke in the LMICs.

scholarly journals mHealth Interventions in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Hurt ◽  
Rebekah J. Walker ◽  
Jennifer A. Campbell ◽  
Leonard E. Egede
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Randomized Trial ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
System Level ◽  
Expert Advice ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low And Middle Income

<p>The purpose of this review was to determine whether mHealth interventions were effective in low- and middle-income countries in order to create a baseline for the evidence to support mHealth in developing countries. Studies were identified by searching Medline on 02 October 2014 for articles published in the English language between January 2000 and September 2014. Inclusion criteria were: 1) written in English, 2) completion of an mHealth intervention in a low or middle-income country, 3) measurement of patient outcomes, and 4) participants 18 years of age or older. 7,920 titles were reviewed and 7 were determined eligible based on inclusion criteria. Interventions included a cluster randomized trial, mixed methods study, retrospective comparison of an opt-in text message program, a two-arm proof of concept, single arm trial, a randomized trial, and a single subject design. Five out of seven of the studies showed significant difference between the control and intervention. Currently there is little evidence on mHealth interventions in developing countries, and existing studies are very diverse; however initial studies show changes in clinical outcomes, adherence, and health communication, including improved communication with providers, decrease in travel time, ability to receive expert advice, changes in clinical outcomes, and new forms of cost-effective education.<em> </em>While this initial review is promising, more evidence is needed to support and direct system-level resource investment.</p>

Clinical Chemistry for Developing Countries: Mass Spectrometry

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suji Lee ◽  
Kavyasree Chintalapudi ◽  
Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Early Disease ◽  
Resource Limited Settings ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Modern Mass ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Early disease diagnosis is necessary to enable timely interventions. Implementation of this vital task in the developing world is challenging owing to limited resources. Diagnostic approaches developed for resource-limited settings have often involved colorimetric tests (based on immunoassays) due to their low cost. Unfortunately, the performance/sensitivity of such simplistic tests are often limited and significantly hinder opportunities for early disease detection. A new criterion for selecting diagnostic tests in low- and middle-income countries is proposed here that is based on performance-to-cost ratio. For example, modern mass spectrometry (MS) now involves analysis of the native sample in the open laboratory environment, enabling applications in many fields, including clinical research, forensic science, environmental analysis, and agriculture. In this critical review, we summarize recent developments in chemistry that enable MS to be applied effectively in developing countries. In particular, we argue that closed automated analytical systems may not offer the analytical flexibility needed in resource-limited settings. Alternative strategies proposed here have potential to be widely accepted in low- and middle-income countries through the utilization of the open-source ambient MS platform that enables microsampling techniques such as dried blood spot to be coupled with miniature mass spectrometers in a centralized analytical platform. Consequently, costs associated with sample handling and maintenance can be reduced by >50% of the total ownership cost, permitting analytical measurements to be operated at high performance-to-cost ratios in the developing world. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, Volume 14 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Acute Kidney Injury: Risk Factors and Management Challenges in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Daniela Ponce ◽  
Nilo Kazan ◽  
Adler Pereira ◽  
Andre Babi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major global health problem, occurring in >13 million people and responsible for >2.3 million deaths every year, 85% of which are in developing countries. Although the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) set a goal of eliminating preventable deaths by AKI by 2025, implementation of this program in developing countries presents major challenges for several reasons: there are few data on the epidemiology and causes of AKI in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC); health care resources to diagnose, manage, and treat AKI are often limited; and governments, institutions, and global health initiatives have not focussed sufficiently on the AKI problems. Thus, developing and implementing effective strategies to eliminate preventable deaths from AKI in LMIC have required efforts to better understand how to increase the awareness of AKI by health care workers and institutions.

scholarly journals Cancer Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 153s-153s
Author(s):  
F. Humura
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Background: Cancer is also referred to as malignant tumor or neoplasm. It is one of the leading causes of death on the global scale. The knowledge and tools to manage and even cure cancer patients exist in developed countries but are unavailable to many who live in the developing world, resulting in unnecessary loss of life. Strategies are needed to close the gap between developed and developing countries in cancer survival and the effects of the disease on human suffering. It is also pertinent to bridge the gap to ensure universal health coverage which is very important to achieve the sustainable development goals. Aim: The aim of this abstract is to review the barrier to cancer control in developing world especially the low-and middle-income countries. Method: Selected papers amounting to 79 papers in PubMed from 2007 to 2017 were used from peer-reviewed literature and relevant publicly available documents with the appropriate keywords searched. Results: In spite of significant limitations in the available data, it is clear there are substantial barriers to access to cancer control in developing countries and also substantial limitations in the quality of cancer control and a great need to improve economic efficiency. Cancer is low or absent on the health agendas of low- and middle-income countries (LMCs) despite the fact that more people die of cancer in these countries than from AIDS and malaria combined. International health organizations, bilateral aid agencies, and major foundations which are instrumental in setting health priorities also have largely ignored cancer in these countries. Conclusion: and recommendations: There is an urgent need to improve health services for cancer control in developing countries to ensure health equity which is one of the key areas to be addressed in other to achieve sustainable development goals. Current resources and much-needed investments must be optimally managed. To achieve this, recommended investment should be focused in the following key priorities: capacity building in oncology health services research, policy and planning relevant to developing countries, development of high-quality health data sources, more oncology-related economic evaluations in developing countries, exploration of high-quality models of cancer control in developing countries. Meeting these needs will require national, regional and international collaboration as well as political leadership. Horizontal integration with programs for other diseases will be important.

scholarly journals Use of the WHO surgical safety checklist in low and middle income countries: A review of the literature

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 334-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Cadman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Surgical Safety Checklist ◽  
Surgical Safety ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

A wealth of research now exists surrounding use of the WHO surgical safety checklist. This paper reviews the literature regarding checklist use in developing countries. Results identify a lack of available literature specific to developing countries despite this potentially being where the greatest impact could be observed. Unique challenges of checklist use are discussed and opportunities for future research focusing on use of the checklist in developing countries suggested.

scholarly journals Taking the path less trodden: UK psychiatrists working in low- and middle-income countries

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 431-435
Author(s):  
Helen McColl ◽  
Rebecca Syed Sheriff ◽  
Charlotte Hanlon
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Partnerships ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Low And Middle Income

SummaryUK-based psychiatrists have the opportunity to work in low- and middle-income countries. the political climate is supportive, as evidenced by the recent Crisp report on ‘Global Health Partnerships: the UK Contribution to Health in Developing Countries’, and the Royal College of Psychiatrists volunteer scheme. However, many psychiatrists are unaware of ways in which they might contribute. In this article, we give examples of the diverse ways in which UK-based psychiatrists are already engaged in collaborative work overseas. We discuss some of the mutual benefits that such partnerships can bring and highlight the under-recognised benefits to the UK, both to the individual and to the National Health Service.

scholarly journals Dietary intakes of women during pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1340-1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun Eun Lee ◽  
Sameera A Talegawkar ◽  
Mario Merialdi ◽  
Laura E Caulfield
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
South America ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Central South ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractObjectiveTo provide a better understanding of dietary intakes of pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries.DesignSystematic review was performed to identify relevant studies which reported nutrient intakes or food consumption of pregnant women in developing countries. Macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were compared by region and the FAO/WHO Estimated Average Requirements. Food consumption was summarized by region.SettingDeveloping countries in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean and Central/South America.SubjectsPregnant women in the second or third trimester of their pregnancies.ResultsFrom a total of 1499 retrieved articles, sixty-two relevant studies were analysed. The ranges of mean/median intakes of energy, fat, protein and carbohydrate were relatively higher in women residing in the Caribbean and Central/South America than in Africa and Asia. Percentages of energy from carbohydrate and fat varied inversely across studies in all regions, whereas percentage of energy from protein was relatively stable. Among selected micronutrients, folate and Fe intakes were most frequently below the Estimated Average Requirements, followed by Ca and Zn. Usual dietary patterns were heavily cereal based across regions.ConclusionsImbalanced macronutrients, inadequate micronutrient intakes and predominantly plant-based diets were common features of the diet of pregnant women in developing countries. Cohesive public health efforts involving improving access to nutrient-rich local foods, micronutrient supplementation and fortification are needed to improve the nutrition of pregnant women in developing countries.

Privatizing water and wastewater in developing countries: assessing the 1990s' experiments

Water Policy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okke Braadbaart
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Macroeconomic Shocks ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Water And Wastewater ◽  
Low And Middle Income

In the 1990s, low and middle-income countries experimented extensively with public–private partnerships (PPPs) in water and wastewater. Concession-based contracts were the favored form of PPP. Although these experiments produced promising managerial innovations, they suffered from high rates of failure. These stemmed from the ambitious scope and hasty design of many concessions, which made them susceptible to macroeconomic shocks and political opportunism. A key lesson from the 1990s' experiments is that PPP contracts combining long-term financing and exploitation should be avoided in country settings combining weak governance with a volatile economy.

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