A calculation of the external loading is in the drive of cage of reduction figure

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-54
Author(s):  
L.A. Chumakova
Keyword(s):  
Peak Load ◽  
External Loading ◽  
Rolling Moment ◽  
Pipe Rolling ◽  
Reduction Mill ◽  
Load Action ◽  
External Loads

The calculation of external loads is proposed to determine the rolling moment depending on the time of peak load action at different steady rolling moments in the stand of the reduction mill. Keywords pipe, rolling, algorithm, calculation, stand, moment. [email protected]

Influence of External Loads on Thin Film Cracking

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinath S. Chakravarthy ◽  
Eric H. Jordan ◽  
Wilson K. S. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
External Load ◽  
Crack Arrest ◽  
External Loading ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Film Cracking ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Improved Accuracy ◽  
External Loads

Cracking in thin films under the combined influence of residual stress and an external load is examined. An improved accuracy version of the existing solution for substrate cracking absent the external load is provided. A superposition scheme that uses the solution for substrate cracking and other existing published solutions is presented for the determination of the energy release rate. The superposition scheme is validated using finite element analysis, and conditions under which the superposition scheme is valid are discussed. Crack arrest is examined and two parameters that determine the possibility of crack arrest are identified. The influence of external loading on channelling behavior in the substrate is discussed.

Internal phosphorus loading in Lake Mendota: response to external loads and weather

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1883-1893 ◽  
Author(s):  
P A Soranno ◽  
S R Carpenter ◽  
R C Lathrop
Keyword(s):  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Internal Loading ◽  
Phosphorus Loading ◽  
External Loading ◽  
Lake Mendota ◽  
Water Column Stability ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
External Loads ◽  
P Budget

We quantified summer internal phosphorus (P) loads and all the major P fluxes in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, a deep stratified eutrophic lake, during two summers of contrasting external loads to determine (i) whether internal loading by entrainment (mixing at the thermocline) is a significant part of the epilimnetic P budget and (ii) what factors lead to interannual variability in internal loading. We estimated variables for the P budget weekly (standing stock, sedimentation) or daily (outflow, inflow, and entrainment) during a summer of average runoff (1992) and one of higher than average runoff (1993). Entrainment, estimated by calculating the amount of P transported into the epilimnion after the thermocline deepened following storms, was about 10 times higher than external loading during 1992, but was about equal to external loading during 1993. When entrainment was included, the epilimnetic P budget balanced. Interannual variability in internal loading appears to be due to a combination of water column stability, weather, and the P levels accumulated in the metalimnion. External loads to the epilimnion during summer 1993 were much higher than in 1992 (7.0 and 0.9 mg P ·m-2 ·day-1, respectively); however, total loads (internal + external) were more similar (12.5 and 7.8 mg P ·m-2 cdot day-1 in 1993 and 1992, respectively). Although summer chlorophyll concentrations were similar in the two summers, blue-green algal biomass in 1993 was about double that in 1992.

The Calculating Method of Thinning Pipes Ends before Rolling in the Reduction Mill

2020 ◽  
Vol 299 ◽  
pp. 693-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grigorii A. Orlov ◽  
A.G. Orlov
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Continuous Mill ◽  
Pipe Rolling ◽  
Calculating Method ◽  
Reduction Mill ◽  
Rolling Plant ◽  
Simulation Results

In this article it is discussed one of the main directions of improving the rolling tubes technology on a pipe-rolling plant with a continuous mill, in order to reduce the pipe-ends cut. A method for preliminary end sections thinning modes, calculating during rolling on a continuous mill, to compensate for wall subsequent thickening in the reduction mill, has been developed. Method distinctive feature is the calculation of end thickening volume, which must be reduced by a specified quantity when end sections rolled. The sequence of technological calculations is given. The results of pipe reduction computer simulation by regular rolling modes, and modes calculated by the proposed method, are represented The analysis of the simulation results showed the possibility of thickened ends length reducing of at least 10%.

A frequency response function-based updating technique for the finite element model of automotive structures

2008 ◽  
Vol 222 (10) ◽  
pp. 1781-1791 ◽  
Author(s):  
D-C Lee ◽  
C-S Han
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
External Loading ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Automotive Structures ◽  
Different Types ◽  
External Loads ◽  
The Finite Element Model ◽  
Huge Variety

Today's automotive industry uses finite element analysis (FEA) in a huge variety of applications in order to optimize structures and processes before hardware is produced. Efficiencies can be enhanced and margins are reduced because the external loads and structural properties are identified with higher confidence. The accuracy of FEA predictions has become increasingly important and directly influences the competitiveness of a product on the market. Because automotive structures are under dynamic environments, the correlation on the basis of static deformations independent of the mass and damping parameters do not provide a valuable reference from the view of the dynamic characteristics. In this paper, by systematically comparing the results from analytical and experimental analysis techniques, finite element (FE) models can be validated by the deterministic and robust design on the basis of each tolerance of design parameters, and improved so that they can be used with more confidence in further analysis. Making use of different types of test datum, a recommended procedure is to use a sequence of analysis in which mass, stiffness, damping, and external loading are validated and, if necessary, updated.

Reduction mill in the line of a TPA 80 pipe-rolling system

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 584-586
Author(s):  
L. G. Marchenko ◽  
M. M. Fadeev ◽  
Yu. V. Bodrov ◽  
D. V. Ovchinnikov ◽  
D. Yu. Chernyshov
Keyword(s):  
Pipe Rolling ◽  
Rolling System ◽  
Reduction Mill

An Interference Fitting Algorithm of the Oil Well Structural Stresses Calculation Based on the Concrete Solidification Process

2013 ◽  
Vol 671-674 ◽  
pp. 1583-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Fu Yang ◽  
Qing Yuan Meng ◽  
Kang You Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Solidification Process ◽  
Petroleum Engineering ◽  
External Loading ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Oil Well ◽  
Annular Gap ◽  
Fitting Algorithm ◽  
Structural Stresses ◽  
External Loads

The oil well structure is comprised of stratum, concrete sheath and the steel casing. In petroleum engineering, the liquid concrete is usually poured into the annular gap between the well bore and the steel casing to form a concrete sheath. During the solidification process of the concrete, its volume and mechanical parameters may vary with time and the chemical solidification stresses will therefore be generated. At the same time, the concrete sheath is under the loading of the ground stresses and the hydraulic pressure of the drilling fluid in the casing. Nowadays, most of the researchers calculate the stresses distribution of the oil well concrete sheath based on the external loading only and the solidification process is ignored. In this work, an interference fitting algorithm in consideration of the concrete solidification process is proposed and the external loads such as ground stresses and drilling fluid hydraulic pressure in the steel casing are also considered. The calculated results show that the stresses of the concrete sheath are mainly dependent upon the hydraulic pressure of the liquid concrete and the chemical solidification stresses, rather than the external loads. In addition, an experimental facility used to simulate the oil well structure under the ground stresses is designed in this work, and the results of the experiment verified the conclusion mentioned above.

Experimental Study of Inner-and-Outer Steel Flanges Subjected to Tension and Bending Loads

2017 ◽  
Vol 737 ◽  
pp. 459-464
Author(s):  
Bing Xue ◽  
Yong Chen ◽  
Cong Chen ◽  
Ji Yang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Rotation Axis ◽  
Relative Displacement ◽  
Steel Tube ◽  
External Loading ◽  
A Value ◽  
Bending Loads ◽  
External Loads ◽  
Computing Method

Inner-and-outer steel flange has gained many attentions in China. This type flange has both inner and outer rings, as well as bolts. To gain insight into the intrinsic characteristics of the flange, an experimental study is conducted, taking into account that the tension and bending loads are imposed simultaneously. The varying of relative displacement between two adjacent flange planes with external loading is surveyed. It is indicated that the deformation is almost linearly increased with the external loads, if there is no yielded bolt. Strain gauges are employed to capture the strain distribution in the ribs as well as the tube. The internal tension force of bolt is also measured in the test. It is revealed that the failure mode of the flange is the breaking of the outer bolts. Moreover, the existence of the tension load would reduce the bending bearing capacity of the flange, and prying force could be ignored. It is concluded that the plane-section assumption holds approximately. Accordingly, formulas are given to compute the bearing capacity of the flange. It is found that the computing method is quite conservative if the position of rotation axis takes a value of 0.8 times of the diameter of the steel tube.

scholarly journals Infill Design Reinforcement of 3D Printed Parts Using Refinement Technique Adapted to Continuous Extrusion

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Sashi Kiran Madugula ◽  
Laurence Giraud-Moreau ◽  
Pierre-Antoine Adragna ◽  
Laurent Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Software ◽  
External Loading ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Element Simulation ◽  
Material Usage ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Continuous Extrusion ◽  
Numerical Tool ◽  
External Loads

In this paper, we introduce an advanced numerical tool aimed to optimise the infill design of 3D printed parts by reducing printing time. In 3D printing, the term infill refers to the internal structure of a part. To create the infill design, slicing software is used, which generally creates the infill uniformly throughout the part. When such a part is subjected to external loading, all the infill regions will not experience the same amount of stress. Therefore, using uniform infill throughout the part is not the most optimised solution in terms of material usage. We do propose to evolve the infill design with respect to the mechanical stresses generated by the external loads. To achieve this, an advanced numerical tool has been developed, based on refinement techniques, to control the infill design. This tool is coupled with Finite Element Simulation (FE Simulation) software, which helps to identify the zones where the material is required as an infill to reinforce a part, whereas the refinement technique makes it possible to place the material as an infill in such a way that the airtime during the printing of the part is zero. Zero airtime printing is defined as the ability to deposit each layer of a part, without stopping the material extrusion during the displacement of the nozzle. Therefore, the proposed numerical tool guides us to generate the infill design of a part, in such a way that it will consume zero airtime while manufacturing. Simultaneously, it will increase the stiffness of the part. The proposed approach is here applied to a rectangular structure subjected to four-point bending, made up of PLA material (Poly-Lactic Acid).

Modeling of a Dynamic Knee Simulator With Advanced PID Controller to Evaluate Joint Loading Conditions

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fallon Fitzwater ◽  
Amber Lenz ◽  
Lorin Maletsky
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Total Joint Replacement ◽  
External Loading ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Simulations ◽  
Knee Simulator ◽  
Joint Loads ◽  
External Loads

In-vitro dynamic knee simulators allow researchers to investigate changes in natural knee biomechanics due to pathologies, injuries or total joint replacement. The advent of the instrumented tibia, which directly measures knee loads in-vivo, has provided a wealth data for various activities that in-vitro studies now aim to replicate [1, 2]. Dynamic knee simulators, such as the Kansas Knee Simulator (KKS), achieve these physiological loads at the joint by applying external loads to either bone ends or musculature. Determining the external loading conditions necessary to replicate activity specific joint loads, obtained from instrumented tibia data, during dynamic simulations are calculated using computational models.

The Determination of Equilibrium Configurations of Spring-Restrained Mechanisms Using (4 × 4) Matrix Methods

1967 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Livermore
Keyword(s):  
Kinematic Chain ◽  
External Loading ◽  
Matrix Methods ◽  
Kinematic Chains ◽  
Equilibrium Configurations ◽  
Force Systems ◽  
Velocity Information ◽  
Equilibrium Analyses ◽  
External Loads

A spring-restrained, multiple-loop, multiple-degree-of-freedom kinematic chain will normally have one or more stable equilibrium configurations when steady external loads are applied to it. The “kinematic equivalent” of a vehicle and its suspension linkages is a common example of such a system. Changes in external loading due to cornering, braking, and so on, can produce important changes in the equilibrium configuration of the suspension. This paper presents a general method for determining the equilibrium configurations of spring-restrained, kinematic chains under the action of steady external loading. The iterative (4 × 4) matrix method of displacement analysis, previously developed for single-loop chains, is extended to complex chains and is used to determine the displacement and velocity information required for equilibrium analyses. The final results are general computer programs which will determine displacement and/or equilibrium configurations for simple or complex mechanism systems wherein the applied force systems may be considered conservative.

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