scholarly journals Natural and Synthetic Estrogens Regulate Human Health

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
PD Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Estrogenic Compounds ◽  
Synthetic Estrogen ◽  
Common Precursor ◽  
Synthetic Estrogens ◽  
Estrogenic Action ◽  
Carbon Side Chain

Estrogen are very important chemical compounds very essential for our body functions. The cholesterol, what we eat through food, gets converted by the action of various enzymes. Scientists have synthesized estrogenic molecules in the laboratory and used them for oral contraceptives and other therapeutic purposes. Environmental estrogenic molecules (xenestrogen) played havocs in human life. Plants also make estrogenic substances (phytoestrogen); they are very useful for mankind. All steroid hormones, including estrogen are synthesized from cholesterol through a common precursor steroid, pregnenolone which is formed by the enzymatic cleavage of a 6-carbon side-chain of the 27-carbon cholesterol molecule. Cholesterol is a starting substance of group of estrogenic compounds [1]. On the other hand, synthetic estrogen are compounds obtained by chemical synthesis that possess estrogenic activity [2]. In addition to these estrogenic compounds there are some estrogenic action mimicking compounds known as xenestrogen and phytoestrogen (Figure 1).

Concise Synthesis of the Terpene Core Structure of Suaveolindole Through a Time-Economic Route

Synlett ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Tanimoto ◽  
Kazuki Tojo ◽  
Tsumoru Morimoto ◽  
Kiyomi Kakiuchi
Keyword(s):  
Claisen Rearrangement ◽  
Core Structure ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Unsaturated Ester ◽  
Synthetic Route ◽  
Carbon Side Chain

The terpene core structure of suaveolindoles was synthesized through a concise route in a time-economical manner. A scalable synthetic route from pulegone delivered the desired α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated ester in a brief period. By way of Eschenmoser-Claisen rearrangement, carbon side chain moiety at the crowded double-allylic position was introduced stereoselectively.

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF PROSTATIC SECRETION

1953 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Huggins ◽  
John Lambert Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Simple Arithmetic ◽  
Estrogenic Compounds ◽  
Submaxillary Glands ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Prostatic Epithelium

The prostate of the dog was relocated permanently in the perineum where its size could be measured and correlated with the output of prostatic secretion during many months. The secretion of a submaxillary gland obtained through a fistula was utilized as an internal biologic standard of the effects of pilocarpine, the secretory stimulus employed, because the amount and route of administration of the alkaloid are critical factors in inducing secretion. Prostatic secretion was found to be profoundly affected by androgenic and estrogenic compounds, in contrast to salivation. The curves of the secretory response of the prostate and submaxillary glands to pilocarpine proved to be similar and a mathematical formula has been constructed to represent them. When testosterone propionate was administered in increasing quantities for periods of weeks at each level, the volume of the prostate increased in a series of flattened curves. This volume, under the conditions mentioned, was found to stand in a simple arithmetic relationship to the amount of testosterone propionate administered. Moderate quantities of testosterone propionate masked the effects of small amounts of stilbestrol on the prostate. The reverse was also true and the critical amounts of these compounds were defined. The amounts of stilbestrol were determined which lowered the quantity of prostatic secretion resulting from the simultaneous administration of moderate amounts of testosterone propionate in castrate dogs, the result being a level and flat secretory curve which was maintained for many weeks. We designate this effect the plateau phenomenon. When this amount of estrogen was continued, and the dosage of testosterone propionate greatly augmented, the prostatic secretion did not increase in volume. Very slight increases above the critical amount of stilbestrol, however, caused the secretory curve to fall to new and still lower levels though the secretion was never completely suppressed. The acid phosphatase content of the prostatic secretion in the regions of secretory plateaus was similar to that of castrate dogs injected with androgen alone. The plateau phenomenon is due to simultaneous physiologic action of androgenic and estrogenic compounds on the prostatic cells. The depression of prostatic secretion resulting in the plateau phenomenon is due to both functional and structural changes in the prostatic epithelium. They are best explained on the assumption that differences in steroid threshold exist in groups of cells within the prostate, those of the anterior rim of the gland being least susceptible to estrogenic activity.

scholarly journals On Language, Scientific Metaphor, and Endocrine Disruption: An Interview with Feminist Scientist Ana Soto

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Soto ◽  
Gracen Brilmyer
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Environmental Estrogens ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
The Past ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Synthetic Estrogens ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Negative Controls

In the late 1980s, Professor of Immunology Ana Soto accidentally discovered the presence of synthetic estrogens in her lab equipment. Her lab had designed an experiment to test the effect of estrogen on the proliferation of human breast cancer cells (MCF7). Based on previous findings, Soto and her research partner Carlos Sonnenschein believed that, contrary to popular wisdom, the introduction of estrogen would not directly induce the proliferation of the cells, but would instead interfere with a naturally occurring inhibitor in the blood. But the control setup containing positive and negative controls (used in the past without problem) was now producing odd readings: although no estrogenic compound had been introduced, the cancer cells were still proliferating. Soto and Sonnenschein methodically removed each item in the control setup that might be producing the estrogen-like result. When they discovered that the estrogenic activity leached from the plastic centrifuge tubes used to store components of the cell culture medium, they called the manufacturer to find out what could have changed. The manufacturer let them know that the constituent materials of the tubes had recently been modified in order to reduce the possibility of breakage during centrifugation but declined to reveal what specific changes had been made. So Soto’s lab turned to studying the tubes themselves. After a year of further research, they concluded that the estrogenic activity was due to the additive that had been introduced by the manufacturer—nonylphenol, an antioxidant used in numerous other applications, some of which are meant for human use (e.g., spermicide) and the synthesis of detergents. Soto and Sonnenschein’s  assay is called E-SCREEN and  has been enormously influential; in fact, most of the environmental estrogens discovered in the 1990s rely on it. Conducted by Gracen Brilmyer at UCLA during the Chemical Entanglements Symposium, this 2017 interview with Soto highlights her experiences of sexism in the sciences and how those experiences have shaped her thinking on language, science, and scholarship

scholarly journals d-Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate is a common precursor for the heptoses of septacidin and hygromycin B

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (11) ◽  
pp. 2818-2823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Tang ◽  
Zhengyan Guo ◽  
Zhenju Cao ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Pengwei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Hygromycin B ◽  
Nucleoside Antibiotics ◽  
Common Precursor ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Poultry Farming

Seven-carbon-chain–containing sugars exist in several groups of important bacterial natural products. Septacidin represents a group of l-heptopyranoses containing nucleoside antibiotics with antitumor, antifungal, and pain-relief activities. Hygromycin B, an aminoglycoside anthelmintic agent used in swine and poultry farming, represents a group of d-heptopyranoses–containing antibiotics. To date, very little is known about the biosynthesis of these compounds. Here we sequenced the genome of the septacidin producer and identified the septacidin gene cluster by heterologous expression. After determining the boundaries of the septacidin gene cluster, we studied septacidin biosynthesis by in vivo and in vitro experiments and discovered that SepB, SepL, and SepC can convert d-sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (S-7-P) to ADP-l-glycero-β-d-manno-heptose, exemplifying the involvement of ADP-sugar in microbial natural product biosynthesis. Interestingly, septacidin, a secondary metabolite from a gram-positive bacterium, shares the same ADP-heptose biosynthesis pathway with the gram-negative bacterium LPS. In addition, two acyltransferase-encoding genes sepD and sepH, were proposed to be involved in septacidin side-chain formation according to the intermediates accumulated in their mutants. In hygromycin B biosynthesis, an isomerase HygP can recognize S-7-P and convert it to ADP-d-glycero-β-d-altro-heptose together with GmhA and HldE, two enzymes from the Escherichia coli LPS heptose biosynthetic pathway, suggesting that the d-heptopyranose moiety of hygromycin B is also derived from S-7-P. Unlike the other S-7-P isomerases, HygP catalyzes consecutive isomerizations and controls the stereochemistry of both C2 and C3 positions.

scholarly journals Effects of mrpigG on Development and Secondary Metabolism of Monascus ruber M7

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Fusheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Gene Deletion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Monascus Ruber ◽  
Monascus Pigments ◽  
The World ◽  
Carbon Side Chain ◽  
Yellow Pigments

Monascus pigments (MPs) have been used as food colorants for several centuries in Asian countries and are now used throughout the world via Asian catering. The MP biosynthetic pathway has been well-illustrated, but the functions of a few genes, including mrpigG, in the MP gene cluster are still unclear. In the current study, in order to investigate the function of mrpigG in M. ruber M7, gene deletion (ΔmrpigG), complementation (ΔmrpigG::mrpigG) and overexpression (M7::PtrpC-mrpigG) mutants were successfully obtained. The morphologies and biomasses, as well as the MP and citrinin production, of these mutants were analyzed. The results revealed that the disruption, complementation and overexpression of mrpigG showed no apparent defects in morphology, biomass or citrinin production (except MP production) in ΔmrpigG compared with M. ruber M7. Although the MP profiles of ΔmrpigG and M. ruber M7 were almost the same—with both having four yellow pigments, two orange pigments (OPs) and two red pigments (RPs)—their yields were decreased in ΔmrpigG to a certain extent. Particularly, the content of rubropunctatin (an OP) and its derivative rubropunctamine (an RP) in ΔmrpigG, both of which have a five-carbon side chain, accounted for 57.7%, and 22.3% of those in M. ruber M7. On the other hand, monascorubrin (an OP) and its derivative monascorubramine (an RP), both of which have a seven-carbon side chain, were increased by 1.15 and 2.55 times, respectively, in ΔmrpigG compared with M. ruber M7. These results suggest that the MrPigG protein may preferentially catalyze the biosynthesis of MPs with a five-carbon side chain.

scholarly journals Chemical nature and sequence of alamethicin

1976 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
D R Martin ◽  
R J P Williams
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Amide Bond ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Partial Hydrolysis ◽  
Spectroscopy Study ◽  
N Terminus ◽  
Acetyl Group ◽  
New Formula

An n.m.r. spectroscopy study of pure alamethicin shows it to be a linear polypeptide of 19 residues. The N-terminus is blocked by an acetyl group, and the eighteenth residue, glutamic acid, is linked by an amide bond on its side chain to phenylalaninol (Fig. 6). The new formula is confirmed by a comparison between pure chemical compounds and the products of partial hydrolysis.

Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Determination Of Miroestrol Using an Anti-miroestrol Monoclonal Antibody

Planta Medica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
pp. 855-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tharita Kitisripanya ◽  
Supaluk Krittanai ◽  
Orapin Udomsin ◽  
Kamonthip Jutathis ◽  
Jukrapun Komaikul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Limit Of Quantitation ◽  
Estrogenic Action ◽  
White Kwao Krua

AbstractMiroestrol is a chromene with potent estrogenic activity present in Pueraria candollei, commonly known as White Kwao Krua. Although this compound is only present in low amounts in the plant, it plays an important role in the estrogenic action of P. candollei products. As a tool for further studies about the efficacy and safety of P. candollei as a phytoestrogenic supplement, we generated a novel monoclonal antibody against miroestrol. This anti-miroestrol monoclonal antibody was used to develop an immunoassay for the determination of miroestrol content, which can be used for quality control purposes of P. candollei. The developed ELISA against miroestrol has a calibration range of 10–780 ng/mL miroestrol, a limit of detection of 3.5 ng/mL, and a limit of quantitation of 12.2 ng/mL. According to the validation analysis, the established ELISA is precise, accurate, specific, and sensitive for miroestrol detection in plants. Furthermore, the anti-miroestrol monoclonal antibody was used to prepare an immunoaffinity column for the isolation of miroestrol from the tuberous root of P. candollei. The column provides a simple procedure for miroestrol isolation, with a capacity of 3.91 µg of miroestrol per 1 mL of immunogel.

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