scholarly journals Keterkaitan antara pandemi covid-19 dengan eksploitasi alam

2021 ◽  
pp. 668-683
Author(s):  
Priyaji Agung Pambudi
Keyword(s):  
Spike Protein ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Rhinolophus Affinis

Pemanfaatan sumber daya alam tidak sepenuhnya mengedepankan prinsip lingkungan, padahal ekosistem memiliki keanekaragaman hayati termasuk virus berbahaya yang bersifat zoonosis. Kemunculan pandemi Covid-19 dipercaya akibat zoonosis yang menyebar dan menginfeksi jutaan manusia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis keterkaitan antara pandemi dengan eksploitasi alam, menggunakan metode literatur review dari artikel, dokumen pemerintah, laporan lembaga, working paper, serta informasi resmi WHO dan Satgas Covid-19 RI. Terbukti ada keterkaitan antara pandemi Covid-19 dengan eksploitasi alam. Eksploitasi mempersempit habitat dan menekan kehidupan, organisme merespons dengan ekspansi mencari habitat baru yang sering kali lebih dekat dengan manusia. Eksploitasi memfasilitasi satwa liar sebagai host alami atau perantara virus zoonosis. Hasil analisis homolog SARS-CoV-2 memiliki kemiripan genom lengkap 93,7%, ORF1ab 96,5%, protein N 96,9%, dan spike protein 92,86% dengan coronavirus dari kelelawar (Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield, 1823). Spesies ini tersebar di Asia Selatan dan Tenggara, dipercaya sebagai obat tradisional penyakit pernafasan. Penggunaan satwa liar sebagai obat harus dibatasi, karena dalam praktiknya banyak perdagangan satwa liar secara ilegal yang berisiko zoonosis dan berpotensi memunculkan epidemi maupun pandemi. Hal ini dapat ditanggulangi apabila stabilitas ekosistem dijaga dan tersedia habitat yang proporsional untuk organisme lain, sehingga terjadi interaksi yang harmonis dan berkelanjutan.

scholarly journals Mutation patterns of human SARS-COV-2 and bat RaTG13 coronaviruses genomes are strongly biased towards C>U indicating rapid evolution in their hosts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Matyasek ◽  
Ales Kovarik
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Protein Domain ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
The World ◽  
Cpg Dinucleotide ◽  
Rhinolophus Affinis ◽  
Contact Domain

Abstract Background: The world pandemy caused by SARS-CoV-2 spreading has raised considerable interest about its evolutionary origin and genome structure. Here we analysed mutation patterns in 13 human SARS-COV-2 isolates and a closely related RaTG13 isolated from Rhinolophus affinis bat. We also evaluated the CpG dinucleotide contents in SARS-COV-2 and other human and animal coronavirus genomes. Results: Out of 1107 single nucleotide differences (c. 4% divergence) between human SARS-COV-2 and bat RaTG13, 672 (61%) can be attributed to C>U and U>T substitutions significantly (P<0.001) exceeding other types of SNPs. A similar trend was observed among the 13 sequenced SARS-COV-2 genomes. Accumulation of C>U mutations was also observed in a highly variable subregion encoding the ACE2 receptor contact domain. Contrast to most other coronaviruses both SARS-COV-2 and RaTG13 exhibited CpG depletion in their genomes. Conclusion: The data support that the C-to-U conversion played a significant role in the evolution of pathogenic RNA coronaviruses including SARS-COV-2. These mutations apparently also influenced amino acid composition of the SARS-Cov-2 spike protein domain receptor implicated in virus pathogenicity. We propose that SARS-COV-2 was evolving relatively long in humans following the transfer from animals before spreading world-wide.

Thermodynamics of the interaction between the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome- coronavirus-2 and the receptor of human angiotensin converting enzyme 2. Effects of possible ligands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Garcia-Iriepa ◽  
Cecilia Hognon ◽  
Antonio Francés-Monerris ◽  
Isabel Iriepa ◽  
Tom Miclot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Design ◽  
Binding Free Energy ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Rational Molecular Design ◽  
Rational Evaluation

<div><p>Since the end of 2019, the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has caused more than 180,000 deaths all over the world, still lacking a medical treatment despite the concerns of the whole scientific community. Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) was recently recognized as the transmembrane protein serving as SARS-CoV-2 entry point into cells, thus constituting the first biomolecular event leading to COVID-19 disease. Here, by means of a state-of-the-art computational approach, we propose a rational evaluation of the molecular mechanisms behind the formation of the complex and of the effects of possible ligands. Moreover, binding free energy between ACE2 and the active Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is evaluated quantitatively, assessing the molecular mechanisms at the basis of the recognition and the ligand-induced decreased affinity. These results boost the knowledge on the molecular grounds of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and allow to suggest rationales useful for the subsequent rational molecular design to treat severe COVID-19 cases.</p></div>

Sitagliptin: a potential drug for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanaa Bardaweel
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Antimalarial Drug ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Potential Drug ◽  
Chemokine Production ◽  
Drug Discovery And Development ◽  
Sequence Identity

Recently, an outbreak of fatal coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has emerged from China and is rapidly spreading worldwide. As the coronavirus pandemic rages, drug discovery and development become even more challenging. Drug repurposing of the antimalarial drug chloroquine and its hydroxylated form had demonstrated apparent effectiveness in the treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical trials. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein shares 31.9% sequence identity with the spike protein presents in the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV), which infects cells through the interaction of its spike protein with the DPP4 receptor found on macrophages. Sitagliptin, a DPP4 inhibitor, that is known for its antidiabetic, immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory, and beneficial cardiometabolic effects has been shown to reverse macrophage responses in MERS-CoV infection and reduce CXCL10 chemokine production in AIDS patients. We suggest that Sitagliptin may be beneficial alternative for the treatment of COVID-19 disease especially in diabetic patients and patients with preexisting cardiovascular conditions who are already at higher risk of COVID-19 infection.

Anrechnung der CO2-Senken des Schweizer Waldes: Grundlagenpapier und Empfehlungen | Accounting of CO2 sinks in Swiss forests. Working paper and recommendations

2005 ◽  
Vol 156 (11) ◽  
pp. 438-441
Author(s):  
Arbeitsgruppe Wald- und ◽  
Holzwirtschaft im Klimaschutz
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Climate Policy ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Reduction Of Co2

With the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gases, Switzerland is committed to reducing CO2emissions by 4.2 million tonnes by 2008. The forests in Switzerland could contribute to the country's national carbon balance with maximum 1.8 million tonnes reduction of CO2. With an increased use of the forest the emissions could be reduced by up to 2 million tonnes by the substitution of other materials. With a targeted forest management policy carbon sink reduction and the substitution value of the forest could be balanced against one another. In the framework of climate policy the Federal government should create the legal and organisational conditions for this.

DNGPS Working Paper 2015

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2015) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Bein ◽  
Clelia Minnetian ◽  
Stefan Wallaschek ◽  
Tobias Heinze
Keyword(s):  
Working Paper
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