scholarly journals Analysis of Housing Finance Systems in Turkey

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gülay Selvi Hanişoğlu ◽  
Fidan Güler
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Mortgage Market ◽  
Housing Finance ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Finance System ◽  
Mortgage Law ◽  
Sector Work ◽  
Public Sector Work

Housing Finance system has provided funds to households and organizations for buying their homes and premises. There are different type of housing finance systems which are applied by different countries. Housing finance systems can be more efficient, if private sector and public sector work together and harmoniously. Housing Finance system has made considerable progress in Turkey in the last 20 years. Before housing finance system was developed in Turkey, people could have bought houses by combining their retirement allowances and savings. Another method for financing their house, people could have borrowed from relatives or close friends along with their own savings. The Mass Housing Law (Law No: 2985) entered into force in 1984.The main target of the law, to find a solution of the housing problem in Turkey. Law also determines the tasks of the Housing Development Administration (TOKİ). After 2000’s Turkish Banks began to extend long term housing loans, but there was not mortgage system. Due to inadequate saving and income levels, it was not easy to use banking finance system for the low and middle income groups. In 2007, new legal regulations come into force, which is called Mortgage Law, for improving legal framework for borrowers and lenders in the primary markets and also made regulations for integrating primary mortgage market to the capital markets. In our paper, the finance methods and improvements in the housing finance in Turkey have been analyzed evaluating legal regulations and also the methods which is used by banks and other related institutions.

The housing finance system in Turkey

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamza Gülter ◽  
Eyup Basti
Keyword(s):  
Urban Poor ◽  
Housing Finance ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
Mortgage Loan ◽  
Housing Sector ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Mortgage Law ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the housing sector of Turkey and present the housing development strategies developed by government enterprises for the urban poor in Turkey as successful examples. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology of the paper is descriptive. First of all, the literature on housing finance systems and sources of housing finance are stated. Then, the paper reviews housing finance systems applied in Turkey in the past to solve housing problems. Later, it describes current housing strategy to solve housing problems of low- and middle-income groups and also presents this strategy as a successful model to other countries. Moreover, mortgage law and the current situation of the Turkish housing sector are discussed within the study. Findings – As a result of economic normalization achieved after 2002, mortgage loans extended by commercial banks have increased in Turkey. Besides, governmental institutions, such as Housing Development Administration of Turkey (HDAT) and Istanbul Public Housing Corporation (KIPTAS), apply very extensive projects to allow low- and middle-income groups to have their dwellings. In 2007, the Turkish Parliament enacted mortgage law and defined rules and actors of the mortgage sector. However, as a consequence of economic deterioration in the world economy, mortgage loan receivables-backed securities could not be issued to public yet. Public issuance of mortgage loan receivables-backed securities in the future are expected to direct more long-term funds to the housing sector and also to provide an additional investment instrument for the individual and institutional investors. Originality/value – The housing production and finance models developed by the HDAT and KIPTAS can be good models for the solution of housing problems of urban poor in other countries.

Housing Finance Reform: Private Markets Versus Government Guarantees

2011 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. 823-836
Author(s):  
Dwight M. Jaffee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Sharing ◽  
Mortgage Market ◽  
Housing Finance ◽  
Finance Reform ◽  
Fannie Mae ◽  
The Government ◽  
Home Mortgage ◽  
Government Sponsored Enterprises ◽  
Private Markets

This paper evaluates the major alternative proposals for reforming the U.S. home mortgage market assuming that the government sponsored enterprises (GSEs), Fannie Mae and Freddie Mae, will be closed. The paper compares proposals that advocate primary reliance on private markets to take on the GSE functions with proposals that advocate government mortgage guarantees, including a discussion of how these plans differ in terms of duration, scope, and risk-sharing. The paper concludes with a discussion of current government attempts to expedite the modification or refinancing of existing mortgages, including a plan for the transition from the current situation to the long-term reforms.

scholarly journals Croatian Archives and Electronic Records: Current Situation and Development Trends

Atlanti ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-146
Author(s):  
Vlatka Lemić
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Electronic Records ◽  
Records Management ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Electronic Records Management

The paper presents an overview of the strategic documents, legal regulations and activities of the Croatian archival service of the past decades related to electronic records. Issues dealing with the development and implementation of e-archives and electronic records management are mostly related to e-government, and the ability of Croatian archives to collect, process and manage electronic born documentation is still an entirely open question that is waiting to be accessed in a systematic way. The draft of the new archives law proposal attempts to establish a legal framework for long-term protection of electronic records, which should be followed with specific measures and activities to resolve current problems in archives - lack of funding, strategic partnership and competencies for dealing with electronic records and implementation of e-archive system.

Housing Finance System in India

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-23
Author(s):  
Dr. A.Rambabu Dr. A.Rambabu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Housing Finance ◽  
Finance System

scholarly journals Climate drivers of plague epidemiology in British India, 1898–1949

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1928) ◽  
pp. 20200538
Author(s):  
Warren S. D. Tennant ◽  
Mike J. Tildesley ◽  
Simon E. F. Spencer ◽  
Matt J. Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
British India ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The World ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Plague, caused by Yersinia pestis infection, continues to threaten low- and middle-income countries throughout the world. The complex interactions between rodents and fleas with their respective environments challenge our understanding of human plague epidemiology. Historical long-term datasets of reported plague cases offer a unique opportunity to elucidate the effects of climate on plague outbreaks in detail. Here, we analyse monthly plague deaths and climate data from 25 provinces in British India from 1898 to 1949 to generate insights into the influence of temperature, rainfall and humidity on the occurrence, severity and timing of plague outbreaks. We find that moderate relative humidity levels of between 60% and 80% were strongly associated with outbreaks. Using wavelet analysis, we determine that the nationwide spread of plague was driven by changes in humidity, where, on average, a one-month delay in the onset of rising humidity translated into a one-month delay in the timing of plague outbreaks. This work can inform modern spatio-temporal predictive models for the disease and aid in the development of early-warning strategies for the deployment of prophylactic treatments and other control measures.

Limits of the current implementation of incremental housing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Goran Ivo Marinovic
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Housing Policy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Housing Project ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Specific Location ◽  
Current Implementation ◽  
Incremental Housing

In the case of conventional public housing, urban planners and policymakers design the layout of a housing project in a specific location and then estimate how many households can afford a home. This housing policy has been pursued as a legitimate solution for housing low- and middle-income households where the houses are individually financed by bank loans or mortgages raised by the occupants. John Turner criticised conventional housing solutions by affirming that ‘developing governments take the perspective of the elite and act as if the process of low-income houses were the same as in high-income countries and the same as for the small upper-middle class of their own countries’. Bruce Ferguson and Jesus Navarrete extend this argument with their critique of distributing finished houses to low-income populations and then requiring long-term payments, which are harmful to the beneficiaries. They note that ‘governments think of housing as complete units built by developers that households must purchase with a long-term loan rather than as a progressive process’.

scholarly journals Acceptance of a Symptom-Based Approach for COVID-19 rtRT-PCR Testing to Conserve Resources in a Lower Middle-Income Setting

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215013272098771
Author(s):  
S. M. Rashed Ul Islam ◽  
Tahmina Akther ◽  
Md. Abdullah Omar Nasif ◽  
Sharmin Sultana ◽  
Saif Ullah Munshi
Keyword(s):  
Primary Method ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Clinical Recovery ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Secretion ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Set Up

SARS-CoV-2 initially emerged in Wuhan, China in late 2019. It has since been recognized as a pandemic and has led to great social and economic disruption globally. The Reverse Transcriptase Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (rtRT-PCR) has become the primary method for COVID-19 testing worldwide. The method requires a specialized laboratory set up. Long-term persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in nasopharyngeal secretion after full clinical recovery of the patient is regularly observed nowadays. This forces the patients to spend a longer period in isolation and test repeatedly to obtain evidence of viral clearance. Repeated COVID-19 testing in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic cases often leads to extra workload for laboratories that are already struggling with a high specimen turnover. Here, we present 5 purposively selected cases with different patterns of clinical presentations in which nasopharyngeal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was observed in patients for a long time. From these case studies, we emphasized the adoption of a symptom-based approach for discontinuing transmission-based precautions over a test-based strategy to reduce the time spent by asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients in isolation. A symptom-based approach will also help reduce laboratory burden for COVID-19 testing as well as conserve valuable resources and supplies utilized for rtRT-PCR testing in an emerging lower-middle-income setting. Most importantly, it will also make room for critically ill COVID-19 patients to visit or avail COVID-19 testing at their convenience.

scholarly journals Localization of health systems in low- and middle-income countries in response to long-term increases in energy prices

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Sarah L Dalglish ◽  
Melissa N Poulsen ◽  
Peter J Winch
Keyword(s):  
Health Systems ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income
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