Optimized Biodiesel Preparation from Waste Cooking Oil as a Fuel for Unmodified Diesel Engines

The continuous fluctuation in the price of crude oil in the international market during the Covid-19 situation forced all the nation to work for self-sustainability in the energy sector. This pandemic condition also teaches all to utilize available sources effectively. So to deal with dual problems the optimized conversion of waste into an energy source is the most effective solution. In the present work waste cooking oil is converted into biodiesel and the production process is optimized using the response surface methodology technique. The central composite design approach of RSM is selected for optimization in the present work which provides a better result in limited experiments. The yield of waste cooking oil biodiesel is optimized through four parameters i.e. catalyst concentration, temp., time, and alcohol to oil molar ratio. The effect of all these parameters is analyzed exhaustively with the help of design expert software. The physicochemical properties of optimized WCOB are measured and the results are compared with petrodiesel fuel and normally prepared WCOB. It is found that the yield of WCOB is increased by more than 4% while prepared with optimized parameter values. The physicochemical properties of optimized WCOB were also found better as compared to normally prepared WCOB and comparable to petrodiesel. Hence it can be concluded that the optimization of biodiesel production not only improves the yield but also improves the quality of the biodiesel.

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Optimization of Waste Cooking Oil’s FFA as Biodiesel Feedstock

Teknomekanik ◽

10.24036/teknomekanik.v4i1.9072 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 14-21

Author(s):

Sri Rizki Putri Primandari ◽

Andril Arafat ◽

Harumi Veny

Keyword(s):

Irradiation Time ◽

Control Variable ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Feedstock ◽

Temperature Irradiation ◽

Acid Esterification ◽

Central Composite

Waste cooking oil has high Free Fatty Acid (FFA). It affected on decreasing a biodiesel production. FFA reduction is one of important processes in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Thus, this study aimed to examine the optimum condition in FFA reduction. The process is assisted by using ultrasonic irradiation on acid esterification. Variables of the process are acid concentration, molar ratio of methanol and oil, and irradiation time. Meanwhile temperature irradiation on 45oC is a control variable. Process optimization is conducted by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimum conditions of response were 7.22:1 (methanol to oil molar ratio), 0.92% wt H2SO4, 26.04 minutes (irradiation time), and 45oC (irradiation temperature). Ultrasonic system reduced FFA significantly compared to conventional method.

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Application of Calcium Methoxide as Solid Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.594 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 723 ◽

pp. 594-598 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nichaonn Chumuang ◽

Vittaya Punsuvon

Keyword(s):

Reaction Temperature ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Transesterification Reaction ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Solid Base ◽

Base Catalyst ◽

Solid Base Catalyst ◽

Cooking Oil

In this study, the biodiesel production of waste cooking oil using calcium methoxide as solid base catalyst was investigated. The calcium methoxide catalyst was synthesized from calcined quick lime reacted with methanol. The XRD result showed that the catalyst was successfully synthesized with sufficient purity. The strength of catalyst was examined on the transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil and methanol. Parameters affecting on transesterification such as the catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil-molar ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature were investigated. The results showed that the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester conversion of 99.06%. The optimum conditions were achieved within 3 h using 3wt% catalyst concentration, 12:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 65°C reaction temperature. In addition, the kinetic study of transesterification reaction was carried out at the temperature from 30°C to 65°C. The pseudo-first order was good agreement with the experiment results. The reaction rate constant (k) and activated energy (Ea) were determined as 0.023 min-1 and 55.77 kJ/mol, respectively.

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Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil via Ultrasonic-Assisted Catalytic System

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.552 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 699 ◽

pp. 552-557 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Norzita Ngadi ◽

Lai Nyuk Ma ◽

Hajar Alias ◽

Anwar Johari ◽

Roshanida Abd Rahman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Amount ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Oil ◽

Ultrasonic Assisted ◽

Transesterification Method ◽

Percentage Conversion

In this study, production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) was carried out via ultrasonic-assisted transesterification method. Calcium oxide (CaO) was used as a catalyst. The effects of methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and the catalyst amount towards the percentage conversion of oil to biodiesel were investigated. The biodiesel produced was analyzed using GC-FID method. The results obtained showed that 82 % of oil was successfully converted into biodiesel. This indicates that the used oil (WCO) has the potential to be the future source of biodiesel. Catalyst concentration of 3 w/w%, methanol to oil molar ratio of 15:1 and temperature of 65°C are the best condition for the conversion of oil to biodiesel. The result obtained was found out that, methanol to oil molar ratio and catalyst amount has given significant effect on the conversion of oil. However, temperature ranged from (35 to 75) °C apparently, showed no significant effect on percentage conversion of oil.

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Konsentrasi Katalis dan Suhu Optimum pada Reaksi Esterifikasi menggunakan Katalis Zeolit Alam Aktif (ZAH) dalam Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Minyak Jelantah

Jurnal Natur Indonesia ◽

10.31258/jnat.14.3.219-226 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 219 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dwi Kartika ◽

Senny Widyaningsih

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Natural Zeolite ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Directorate General

Transesterification of waste cooking oil into biodiesel using KOH catalyst with and without esterification process usingactivated natural zeolite (ZAH) catalyst has been carried out. Activation of the zeolite was done by refluxing with HCl 6Mfor 30 min, followed calcining and oxydized at 500oC for 2 hours, consecutively. The transesterification without esterificationprocess were done using KOH catalyst 1% (w/w) from oil and methanol weight and oil/methanol molar ratio 1:6 at 60oC. Theesterification reaction was also done using ZAH catalyst then continued by transesterification using KOH catalyst inmethanol media. In order to study the effect of ZAH catalyst concentration at constant temperature, the catalysts werevaried, i.e. 0, 1, 2, and 3% (w/w). To investigate the effect of temperature, the experiments were done at various temperaturefrom 30, 45, 60, and 70oC at constant catalyst concentration. The conversion of biodiesel was determined by 1H-NMRspectrometer and physical properties of biodiesel were determined using ASTM standard methods. The results showedthat the transesterification using KOH catalyst without esterification produced biodiesel conversion of 53.29%. The optimumcondition of biodiesel synthesis via esterification process were reached at 60oC and concentration of ZAH catalyst of2% (w/w), that could give biodiesel conversion = 100.00%. The physical properties were conformed with biodiesel ASTM2003b and Directorate General of Oil and Gas 2006 specification.

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Evaluation of Shell-Derived Calcium Oxide Catalysts for the Production of Biodiesel Esters from Cooking Oils

Academic Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.32861/ajc.61.20.27 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 20-27

Author(s):

Ngee Sing Chong ◽

Francis Uchenna Okejiri ◽

Saidi Abdulramoni ◽

Shruthi Perna ◽

Beng Guat Ooi

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

X Ray ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Cooking Oils ◽

The Cost ◽

Percentage Conversion

Due to the high cost of feedstock and catalyst in biodiesel production, the viability of the biodiesel industry has been dependent on government subsidies or tax incentives. In order to reduce the cost of production, food wastes including eggshells and oyster shells have been used to prepare calcium oxide (CaO) catalysts for the transesterification reaction of biodiesel synthesis. The shells were calcined at 1000 °C for 4 hours to obtain CaO powders which were investigated as catalysts for the transesterification of waste cooking oil. The catalysts were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Reaction parameters such as methanol-to-oil molar ratio, CaO catalyst concentration, and reaction time were evaluated and optimized for the percentage conversion of cooking oil to biodiesel esters. The oyster-based CaO showed better catalytic activity when compared to the eggshell-based CaO under the same set of reaction conditions.

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Genetic Algorithm Approach to Optimize Biodiesel Production by Ultrasonic System

Chemical Product and Process Modeling ◽

10.1515/cppm-2013-0043 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 59-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Ebrahim Fayyazi ◽

Barat Ghobadian ◽

Gholamhassan Najafi ◽

Bahram Hosseinzadeh

Keyword(s):

Genetic Algorithm ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Ultrasonic Method ◽

Research Work ◽

Optimization Method ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Genetic Algorithm Approach ◽

Mixing Method

Abstract Ultrasonic processing is an effective tool to attain required mixing while providing the necessary activation energy in the field of biofuels. In this regard, optimization of fast transesterification of waste cooking oil is very important. The goal of this research paper is therefore to determine the effect of important parameters such as methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration (potassium hydroxide), temperature, and horn position on oil conversion to methyl ester in ultrasonic mixing method. Result of experiments showed that the optimum conditions for the transesterification process have been obtained as molar ratio of alcohol to oil as 6:1, catalyst concentration of 1 wt.%, temperature as 45°C, and horn position at the interface of methanol to oil. The results show that the ultrasonic method decreases the reaction time as much as up to eight times compare to the conventional stirring. For practically evaluating the theoretical optimum point using genetic algorithm, the obtained values were verified experimentally. In order to perform this, the catalyst concentration, temperature, and the time of reaction were determined, and the values are 1%, 48°C, and 449s, respectively. For the obtained values, the biodiesel conversion was 93.2%, so that the experimental optimum value is closed to that of the theoretical values. As a result, experimental data confirmed the obtained values from optimization method in this research work.

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Response Surface Methodology for Biodiesel Production Using Calcium Methoxide Catalyst Assisted with Tetrahydrofuran as Cosolvent

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2017/4190818 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Nichaonn Chumuang ◽

Vittaya Punsuvon

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Response Surface ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Quadratic Model ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Standard Requirement

The present study was performed to optimize a heterogeneous calcium methoxide (Ca(OCH3)2) catalyzed transesterification process assisted with tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a cosolvent for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a 5-level-4-factor central composite design was applied to investigate the effect of experimental factors on the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion. A quadratic model with an analysis of variance obtained from the RSM is suggested for the prediction of FAME conversion and reveals that 99.43% of the observed variation is explained by the model. The optimum conditions obtained from the RSM were 2.83 wt% of catalyst concentration, 11.6 : 1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 100.14 min of reaction time, and 8.65% v/v of THF in methanol concentration. Under these conditions, the properties of the produced biodiesel satisfied the standard requirement. THF as cosolvent successfully decreased the catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil molar ratio, and reaction time when compared with biodiesel production without cosolvent. The results are encouraging for the application of Ca(OCH3)2 assisted with THF as a cosolvent for environmentally friendly and sustainable biodiesel production.

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Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using onsite produced purified lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa FW_SH-1: Central composite design approach

Renewable Energy ◽

10.1016/j.renene.2017.03.018 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 109 ◽

pp. 93-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Chaudhry Haider Ali ◽

Abdul Sattar Qureshi ◽

Serge Maurice Mbadinga ◽

Jin-Feng Liu ◽

Shi-Zhong Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Central Composite Design ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Design Approach ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Central Composite

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Waste cooking oil processing for fatty acid methyl ester and mono glycerides production with magnetite catalyst

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.4(s1).s29 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (S1) ◽

pp. 220-226

Author(s):

Widayat ◽

Hadiyanto ◽

D.A. Putra ◽

Nursafitri I. ◽

H. Satriadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Chemical Precipitation ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Acid Number ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

National Standard ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Oil Processing ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Acid Methyl

The objective of this research was to produce biodiesel using waste cooking oil and various magnetite catalysts with the esterification-transesterification process. Magnetite catalysts tested were α- Fe2O3, α- Fe2O3/Al2O3, α- Fe2O3/ZSM-5 catalysts. Catalysts were prepared through chemical precipitation and calcination. The esterificationtransesterification process was carried out with the conditions WCO: methanol molar ratio of 15:1, catalyst (1% wt of oil), heated at 65℃ for 3 hrs. The results showed biodiesel production using α- Fe2O3-ZSM-5 catalyst obtained higher %FAME (83.28%), yield (91.915%) and monoglyceride content (16.72%) compared to others due to larger pore volume. Biodiesel produced passed the requirement of Indonesian National Standard (SNI) based on density, acid number and viscosity.

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Surfactant Imprinting Hyperactivated Immobilized Lipase as Efficient Biocatalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal9110914 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 914 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yang ◽

Zhang

Keyword(s):

Burkholderia Cepacia ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Immobilized Lipase ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Enzymatic Production ◽

Burkholderia Cepacia Lipase ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Highly Active

Enzymatic production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) could contribute to resolving the problems of energy demand and environment pollutions.In the present work, Burkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL) was activated by surfactant imprinting, and subsequently immobilized in magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (mCLEAs) with hydroxyapatite coated magnetic nanoparticles (HAP-coated MNPs). The maximum hyperactivation of BCL mCLEAs was observed in the pretreatment of BCL with 0.1 mM Triton X-100. The optimized Triton-activated BCL mCLEAs was used as a highly active and robust biocatalyst for biodiesel production from WCO, exhibiting significant increase in biodiesel yield and tolerance to methanol. The results indicated that surfactant imprinting integrating mCLEAs could fix BCL in their active (open) form, experiencing a boost in activity and allowing biodiesel production performed in solvent without further addition of water. A maximal biodiesel yield of 98% was achieved under optimized conditions with molar ratio of methanol-to-WCO 7:1 in one-time addition in hexane at 40 °C. Therefore, the present study displays a versatile method for lipase immobilization and shows great practical latency in renewable biodiesel production.

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